Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 14RQ
A scientist compares the promoter regions of two genes. Gene A’s core promoter plus proximal promoter elements encompasses 70bp. Gene B’s core promoter plus proximal promoter elements encompasses 250bp. Which of the scientist’s hypotheses is most likely to be correct?
- More transcripts will be made from Gene B
- Transcription of Gene A involves fewer transcription factors
- Enhancers control Gene B’s transcription
- Transcription of Gene A is more controlled than transcription of Gene B.
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Cancer cells were characterized for their high transcriptional and translational levels. Direct modification for the gene of interests during transcription could be complicated and troublesome. Moreover, simply knocked down a certain gene could stimulate other compensating pathways. Fortunately, there are many controls for gene transcription. Modifying on these controls mechanisms could be easier and more effective compared to changing the gene of interests directly. If you are working in a biotech company, please suggest three possible sites/targets to modify in order to decrease a certain gene transcriptional level in cancer cell.
a. Use circles for activators and squares for repressors. Draw the shapes bound to each promoter region.
b. Under the word gene write “ON” or “OFF” to indicate if the gene is transcribed or not under the different conditions.
Shown below is the genomic structure of the human B-globin
gene. The numbers within the boxes indicate the length in
nucleotides of each region.
Question 6: How many amino acids are present in the wild-type
human B-globin protein?
= exons
= introns
Transcription termination
site (also poly A site)
Promoter
Start of transcription
3'
5'
ATG
50
TẠC
TAA
126
132
|ATT
90
130
222
850
3
5'
Start codon
Stop codon
А. 438
В. 146
C. 620
D. 206
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 16 - Figure 16.5 In E. coli, the tip operon is on by...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.7 In females, one of the two X...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.13 An increase in phosphorylation levels...Ch. 16 - Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells...Ch. 16 - Post-translational control refers to: regulation...Ch. 16 - How does the regulation of gene expression support...Ch. 16 - If glucose is absent, but so is lactose, the lac...Ch. 16 - Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the...Ch. 16 - The a/a operon is an inducible operon that...Ch. 16 - What are epigenetic modifications? the addition of...
Ch. 16 - Which of the following are true of epigenetic...Ch. 16 - The binding of _____ is required for transcription...Ch. 16 - What will result from the binding of a...Ch. 16 - A scientist compares the promoter regions of two...Ch. 16 - Which of the following are involved in post...Ch. 16 - Binding of an RNA binding protein will the...Ch. 16 - An unprocessed pre-mRNA has the following...Ch. 16 - IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to...Ch. 16 - Post-translational modifications of proteins can...Ch. 16 - A scientist mutates elF-2 to eliminate its GTP...Ch. 16 - Cancer causing genes are called transformation...Ch. 16 - Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set...Ch. 16 - Name two differences between prokaryotic and...Ch. 16 - Describe how controlling gene expression will...Ch. 16 - Describe how transcription in prokaryotic cells...Ch. 16 - What is the difference between a repressible and...Ch. 16 - In cancer cells, alteration to epigenetic...Ch. 16 - A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering...Ch. 16 - Some autoimmune diseases show a positive...Ch. 16 - A mutation within the promoter region can alter...Ch. 16 - What could happen if a cell had too much of an...Ch. 16 - A scientist identifies a potential transcription...Ch. 16 - Describe how RBPs can prevent miRNAs from...Ch. 16 - How can external stimuli alter...Ch. 16 - Protein modification can alter gene expression in...Ch. 16 - Alternative forms of a protein can be beneficial...Ch. 16 - Changes in epigenetic modifications alter the...Ch. 16 - A scientist discovers a virus encoding a Protein X...Ch. 16 - New drugs are being developed that decrease DNA...Ch. 16 - How can understanding the gene expression pattern...
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- You are studying the effect of various mutations in this gene. The AG sequence (3’splice site) that is within intron 2 [adjacent to Exon 3] has been changed to a CC. What would the resulting mRNA transcript look like? Draw a similar diagram as above and indicate the nucleotide lengths on the mRNA transcript.arrow_forwardIdentify the statements that are features of a promoter. In prokaryotes, the promoter contains a −35 and −10 region upstream of the transcription start site. In prokaryotes, the promoter is recognized by general transcription factors (GTF), which recruit the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the promoter is located in the 5' direction, upstream from the transcription start site. In eukaryotes, the promoter recruits the preinitiation complex, which includes the TATA-binding protein. In eukaryotes, the promoter attracts the small and large ribosomal subunits with the help of initiation factors.arrow_forwardThe model below highlights the formation of condensates during transcription. Explain how such condensates can form and what their function may be. Enhancer Upstream DNA Transcription factor Transient gene-body condensate Dynamic promoter condensate Elongation and RNA processing factors Initiation factors and co-activators Pol II Downstream DNA Promoterarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about "Focused transcription initiation", "Dispersed transcription initiation" and "transcription start sites" (TSS) are correct. Note: it's more than 1! The majority of human genes is regulated from dispersed promoters. Focused initiation starts form a single or narrow set of transcription start sites (TSSS). Focused and dispersed transcription initiation refer to the extreme ends of a continuum of initiation patterns. O Dispersed transcription initiation is the evolutionary more ancient mechanism. RNA-seq is the preferred method to map TSS. Although dispersed promoter start from multiple TSS, the resulting transcripts usually encode for the same protein.arrow_forwardThe following is a DNA sequence of gene Z. The underlined sequence represents the promoter for gene Z and the underlined and italicized sequence encodes the gene Z ribosome binding (RBS) site. Transcription begins at and includes the T/A base pair at position 60 (bold)arrow_forwardA TATA box is a short, A-T rich sequence of nucleotides located just upstream of genes and is used to recruit transcription factors and RNA polymerase to begin transcription. Based on this description, a TATA box is most likely a(n): promoter terminator transcription factor RNA polymerasearrow_forward
- ennar region of gene X, which determines the length of the tail in mice, is mutated so that transcription factors bind it at a much higher affinity compared to the wild-type sequence. What is the most likely phenotypic outcome? Tail length will not change because the enhancer is a non-coding sequence Tail length will increased due to increased activity of the gene's promoter Tail length will decreased because any mutation will cause a loss-of-function of these regulatory regions Not just the tail will be enlarged because increased activity of the enhancer will impact many genesarrow_forwardThe sigma factor protein's role in transcription in E. coli includes which of the following? None of the answer options are correct. plays a role in transcription termination forms part of the core enzyme required for transcription initiation helps the siRNA to bind to the promoter All of the answer options are correct. contributes to the proof-reading activity of RNA polymerase And The role of tRNA is to serve as an intermediate in the decoding of genes. serve as general translational components of the ribosome. facilitate protein trafficking in protein secretion. facilitate splicing of pre-messenger RNAs. act as vehicles bringing amino acids to the site of protein synthesis. None of the answer choices are correct.arrow_forwardWhich is not general transcription factors in eukaryotic gene regions?arrow_forward
- You are teaching a class on the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. In order to demonstrate this complex process, you decide to draw for the class a typical eukaryotic gene/transcription unit with its major regions, such as the promoter regions, where the RNA polymerase II and transcription factors would bind From the list given - choose all components that you think are part of a typical eukaryotic gene From the list given - choose all the regulatory sequences that you think would control the expression of this eukaryotic gene From the list given - choose all of the regulatory proteins that would bind the eukaryotic gene to control its expressionarrow_forwardchoices: low, intermediate, or high?arrow_forwardThe following diagram show what is required for an active promoter of a gene of interest, where:A1 = Activator 1A2 = Activator 2Med = MediatorRep = Repressor Based on the following data, predict: Chromatin conformation Methylation state of the proximal promoter If protein A1 is present or absent If protein A2 is present or absent If the mediator is present or absent If the repressor is absence or present If this gene is likely to be transcribed or notPlease note that this is an "all or nothing" bonus question, and no partial credit will be awarded. Selecting all answers will result in zero points awarded. Selecting at least one incorrect answer will result in zero points being awarded. Question 28 options: Euchromatin Heterochromatin Methylated promoter Unmethylated promoter Activator A1 present Activator A1 absent Activator A2 present…arrow_forward
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