Concept explainers
To review:
Developing a hypothesis to explain that the eukaryotic transcription is generally controlled by the binding of regulatory protein to the DNA sequences rather than the RNA polymerase modification.
Introduction:
Transcription is the process of formation of RNA (ribonucleic acid) from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) by the enzyme RNA polymerases. Protein is formed from RNA by the process of translation. Living cell switches on or off the transcription, depending upon the requirement of the cell and this process is called transcriptional regulation. The cellular machinery of eukaryotes and prokaryotes is different and thus, they have different type of transcriptional regulations in their cells.
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Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
- Choose all that apply regarding gene transcription in eukaryotes: Multiple transcription factors are necessary to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC) of RNA Pol II. The 5' cap of mRNA requires the free triphosphate on the nucleotide at the 5' end. Introns must be removed from the initial RNA transcipt. Histone acetylation is a method controlling gene expression. Acetylation creates more positive charges on histones, leading to tighter binding of the proteins to DNA. Exons are removed from mRNA by the spliceosome. RNA polymerase II must completely finish an mRNA transcript before processing can begin. RNA polymerase I catalyzes the synthesis of the majority of ribosomal RNA. The hormone 173-estradiol binds to a G-protein coupled receptor to control gene transcription.arrow_forwardThe sigma factor protein's role in transcription in E. coli includes which of the following? None of the answer options are correct. plays a role in transcription termination forms part of the core enzyme required for transcription initiation helps the siRNA to bind to the promoter All of the answer options are correct. contributes to the proof-reading activity of RNA polymerase And The role of tRNA is to serve as an intermediate in the decoding of genes. serve as general translational components of the ribosome. facilitate protein trafficking in protein secretion. facilitate splicing of pre-messenger RNAs. act as vehicles bringing amino acids to the site of protein synthesis. None of the answer choices are correct.arrow_forwardMicrobiologists describe the processes of transcription and translation as “coupled” in bacteria. This term indicates that bacterial mRNA can be undergoing transcription at the same moment it is also undergoing translation. How is coupling possible in bacteria? Is coupling of transcription and translation possible in single-celled eukaryotes, such as yeast? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Identify the statements that are features of a promoter. In prokaryotes, the promoter contains a −35 and −10 region upstream of the transcription start site. In prokaryotes, the promoter is recognized by general transcription factors (GTF), which recruit the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the promoter is located in the 5' direction, upstream from the transcription start site. In eukaryotes, the promoter recruits the preinitiation complex, which includes the TATA-binding protein. In eukaryotes, the promoter attracts the small and large ribosomal subunits with the help of initiation factors.arrow_forwardChoose all of the statements that describe the benefits of combinatorial control of transcription in a eukaryotic multi-cellular organism. An operon is able to initiate transcription. RNA polymerase has selective access to specific genes for tissue specific effects. RNA reverts to DNA prior to transcription. mRNA synthesis occurs at an accelerated rate.arrow_forwardPlease complete all parts of the questionarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about "Focused transcription initiation", "Dispersed transcription initiation" and "transcription start sites" (TSS) are correct. Note: it's more than 1! The majority of human genes is regulated from dispersed promoters. Focused initiation starts form a single or narrow set of transcription start sites (TSSS). Focused and dispersed transcription initiation refer to the extreme ends of a continuum of initiation patterns. O Dispersed transcription initiation is the evolutionary more ancient mechanism. RNA-seq is the preferred method to map TSS. Although dispersed promoter start from multiple TSS, the resulting transcripts usually encode for the same protein.arrow_forwardDefine both transcription and translation. In addition, describe the role(s) of each of the following in the processes of gene expression and protein synthesis: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosome(s), RNA polymerase, codon, anticodon, amino acid(s) and polypeptide(s). Be detailed in your answer.arrow_forward. One mechanism by which antisense RNAs act as negative regulators of gene expression is by base pairingwith the ribosome binding site on the sense mRNA toblock translation. In a second, alternative mechanism,the act of transcribing an antisense RNA can somehow prevent RNA polymerase from recognizing thesense promoter for the same gene. Design an experimental approach that would enable you to distinguishbetween these two modes of action at a specific gene.(Hint: What would be the outcome in each case ifhigh levels of the antisense RNA were transcribedfrom a gene on a plasmid?)arrow_forward
- Give the result(s) of the experiment in "MicroRNAs Control De Novo DNA Methylation Through Regulation of Transcriptional Repressors in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell" and how the figure clearly demonstrates that outcome. Also, note the positive and/or negative controls for the experiment.arrow_forwardChoose any/all that apply to mRNA processing in eukaryotes. The "starter/initiator" methionine codon is added to the 5' end of each mRNA molecule during post-transcriptional processing. The entirety of every mRNA transcript is always translated to protein. The 5' m'G cap interacts with the 3' poly (A) tail (via initiation factors and other proteins) to circularize an mRNA as part of the initiation of protein translation. mRNA processing occurs while genes are actively being transcribed.arrow_forwardCancer cells were characterized for their high transcriptional and translational levels. Direct modification for the gene of interests during transcription could be complicated and troublesome. Moreover, simply knocked down a certain gene could stimulate other compensating pathways. Fortunately, there are many controls for gene transcription. Modifying on these controls mechanisms could be easier and more effective compared to changing the gene of interests directly. If you are working in a biotech company, please suggest three possible sites/targets to modify in order to decrease a certain gene transcriptional level in cancer cell.arrow_forward