Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 16, Problem 12TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
Fruit flies possess a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene HIPPO, which is homozygous and leads to the development of tumors in every organ. The expression of the human gene, MST2 in flies with the homozygous mutation in the HIPPO gene leads to a great reduction in the development of tumors. Further, the evolution of tumor suppressor genes in animals is also to be assessed.
Introduction:
Tumor suppressor genes are present in all cells of animals and the product of these genes are called tumor suppressor proteins, which participate in the regulation of cell growth by inhibiting excessive growth of the cell.
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RASL11A gene is a tumor suppressor gene associated with spontaneous tumor shrinkage in Tasmanian Devils. In those tumors that shrink, the expression of RASL11A is:
Group of answer choices
a. upregulated compared to the expression in tumors that proliferate.
b. downregulated compared to the expression in tumors that proliferate.
c. the same as in those tumors the expression in tumors that proliferate.
While studying tumor cells, you notice that the histones of a particular chromosome have more acetyl groups bound to them in tumor cells, compared to the same chromosome in healthy cells. What would you expect for the amount of proteins encoded by genes on that chromosome in tumor cells compared to healthy cells?
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a. Higher in tumor cells
b. Lower in tumor cells
c. Similar in tumor and healthy cells
Cancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations. Some mutations are in proto-oncogenes, which lead to overexpression of the genes, and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes, which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes. Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference (RNAi) be better at treating? Explain.
Large animals should have higher lifetime probabilities of cancer than small animals because each cell division carries a risk of mutating towards a tumor lineage, and large animals have many more cells. However, this is not observed—a paradox that suggests large and/or long-lived species tend to evolve effective cancer suppression mechanisms. Based on the principle of allocation, the evolutionary value of cancer suppression should be determined by the ‘cost’ of suppression (decreased fecundity) vs. the ‘cost’ of cancer (reduced survivorship). Should effective cancer suppression be more common in more r-selected (fast life history) or K-selected (slow life history) species? Explain your reasoning.
The formula list is attached.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 16.1 - Suppose the lacl gene is mutated so that the Lac...Ch. 16.1 - Answer the equivalent question for the trp operon:...Ch. 16.2 - What is the role of histones in gene expression?...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 16.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 16.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 16.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 16.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 16.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 16.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 16.5 - Prob. 4SBCh. 16 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 16 - For the E. coli lac operon, when lactose is...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 16 - Discuss Concepts In a mutant strain of E. coli,...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 16 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 16 - Design an experiment using rats as the model...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 16 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 16 - Prob. 3ITDCh. 16 - Prob. 4ITD
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- Which of the following statements about cancer is false? (a) oncogenes arise from mutations in proto-oncogenes (b) tumor suppressor genes normally interact with growth-inhibiting factors to block cell division (c) more than 120 cancer-driving genes have been discovered (d) oncogenes were first discovered in mouse models for cancer (e) the development of cancer is usually a multistep process involving both oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genesarrow_forwardWhich of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressedarrow_forwardillustrate some of the molecular mechanisms leading from loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor genes to increased predispositions to cancer?arrow_forward
- The Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins govern the cell via altering cellular proteins. The E6 protein interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and directs its ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Can you elaborate about the P63 gene: its function and if it can be altered/mutated by HPV? If it does, what is the relationship between P53 and P63? Thank you!arrow_forwardCellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called Mdm2. Over expression of Mdm2 destabilizes p53. Another protein p19ARF inhibits the activity of Mdm2, thus stabilizing p53. Loss of p19ARF function converts normal cells into cancer cells With the above information, which of the following statements are true? Mdm2 is a tumor suppressor gene but p19ARF is an oncogene Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are oncogenes Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are tumor suppressor genes O Mdm2 is an oncogene but p19ARF is a tumor suppressor genearrow_forwardA research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of a tumor suppressor gene called p53. However,upon sequencing, no mutation was found in the DNA sequence for this gene. Give two possible explanations for these results.arrow_forward
- In some cancer cells, a specific gene has been duplicated many times. Is this gene likely to be an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene? Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardDespite being small animals, naked mole rats are almost entirely resistant to cancer. Watch the following brief video on one potential mechanism for the prevention of cancer in naked mole rats. https://youtu.be/bhNBeuhxkF0?si=38aelHLW1N6vN8-b Based on what you know about mitosis and cancer cells, why would a mechanism that prevents cell crowding reduce the likelihood of cancer developing?arrow_forwardp53 iš an important tumor suppressor gene that is activated in response to a variety of stress signals. Upon activation it induces a cell cycle arrest or cell death. Hence, loss-of-function mutations in the p53 gene are found in almost every type of cancer. How do you predict loss-of-function mutations in the DNA binding domain of the p53 protein affect its function? OIt no longer will act as activator of gene expression O It no longer will act as repressor of gene expression O It no longer will act as activator or repressor of gene expression O It no longer will act as coactivator or corepressorarrow_forward
- Tumor suppressor proteins can assist in slowing down the cell cycle under appropriate conditions. In humans, the TP53 gene encodes a tumor suppressor called p53. Most mutations in the TP53 gene result in a mutant form of p53 that can no longer function to slow down the cell cycle, which can lead to a cell becoming cancerous. However, some mutant forms of p53 actually possess the ability to increase a cell's resistance to anticancer treatments. Which of the following BEST describes the latter type of mutation? loss-of-function mutation gain-of-function mutation suppressor mutation reverse mutationarrow_forwardThe p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene while Ras is a proto-oncogene. Mutation in either one can result in the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell. Explain the difference between the functions of the two proteins and how their mutation can lead to cancer development.arrow_forwardThe p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene while p634 gene is an oncogene. Mutation in either one can result in the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell. Explain the difference between the functions of the two proteins and how their mutation can lead to cancer development.arrow_forward
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