Chapter 13, Problem 13.49EP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the relationship between cytosolic NADH and the $\text{dihydroxyacetone phosphate}-\text{glycerol }3-\text{phosphate}$ shuttle system.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. ATP and NADH are produced along with pyruvate. The net overall equation for the glycolysis process is as follows:

$\text{Glucose}+2\text{ADP}+2{\text{P}}_{\text{i}}+2{\text{NAD}}^{+}\to 2\text{pyruvate}+2\text{NADH}+2\text{ATP}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{H}}_2\text{O}$

Electron transfer chain is defined as a series of biochemical reactions in which the electrons and hydrogen ions $\left({\text{H}}^{+}\right)$ that are obtained from NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ react with molecular oxygen $\left({\text{O}}_2\right)$ to produce water $\left({\text{H}}_2\text{O}\right)$. NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ are oxidized through the redox reactions.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form denoted as FAD and reduced form denoted as ${\text{FADH}}_2$. Both the forms have coenzyme function as the activating part is the ADP molecule which is present in both the forms.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$.