Chapter 13, Problem 13.20EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.

$\text{Glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}\stackrel{\text{Phosphoglucoisomerase}}{\to }\underset{\_}{?}$

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes. In glycolysis, each step is catalyzed by enzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.

$?\stackrel{\text{Aldolase}}{\to }\text{dihydroxyacetone phosphate}+\text{glyceraldehyde 3}-\text{phosphate}$

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes. The process of glycolysis is a ten-step process in which each step is catalyzed by enzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the cleavage reaction, the carbon-carbon bond is cleaved to form a new bond between carbon and oxygen atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.

$\text{Phosphoenolpyruvate}+\underset{\_}{\text{?}}\stackrel{\text{Pyruvate kinase}}{\to }\text{Pyruvate}+\text{ATP}$

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the name of the missing substance in the following word equation.

$\text{Dihydroxyacetone phosphate}\stackrel{\underset{\_}{\text{?}}}{\to }\text{Glyceraldehyde 3}-\text{phosphate}$

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

Enzymes are defined as specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate the biochemical reactions to produce the substances that are needed for cells for their proper functioning and are very specific to their action.