Chapter 12, Problem 12.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of ADP molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ADP is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

ADP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ADP consists of the adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphates group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of $\text{NADH}$ molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.$\text{NADH}$ is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

$\text{NADH}$ is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. It is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of $\text{FAD}$ molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.$\text{FAD}$ is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether the biochemical function of Coenzyme A molecule involves transfer of (1) phosphate groups, (2) electrons, or (3) acetyl groups.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Coenzyme A is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation.