Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To draw the structural formula for fumaric acid.
Concept introduction: There are a number of
Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent
Fumaric acid is an unsaturated derivative of succinic acid. The structure of succinic acid is:
(b)
Interpretation: To draw the structural formula for fumarate ion.
Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.
Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid. The two parent carboxylic acids are succinic acid and glutaric acid.
(c)
Interpretation: To draw the structural formula for malic acid.
Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.
Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid. The two parent carboxylic acids are succinic acid and glutaric acid.
Malic acid is an unsaturated derivative of succinic acid. The structure of succinic acid is:
(d)
Interpretation: To draw the structural formula for malate ion.
Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.
Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid. The two parent carboxylic acids are succinic acid and glutaric acid. The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid. The second class consists of
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Organic And Biological Chemistry
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