To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α − ketoglutarate , and citrate that contains four carbon atoms. Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid . The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid. The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows: The second class consists of α − ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid. The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Question

By malonic or acetylacetic synthesis, synthesize 2-methylbutanoic acid (indicate the formulas of the compounds).

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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By malonic or acetylacetic synthesis, synthesize 2-methylbutanoic acid (indicate the formulas of the compounds).

Obtain 2-methylbutanoic acid by malonic or acetylacetic synthesis (indicate the formulas of the compounds involved).

EFFICIENTS SAMPLE READINGS CONCENTRATIONS Pigiadient) TOMATO SAUCE (REGULAR) TOMATO (REDUCED SALT) TOMATO SAUCE (REGULAR) TOMATO (REDUCED SALT) 58 6.274 3.898 301.7 151.2 14150 5.277 3.865 348.9 254.8 B 5.136 3.639 193.7 85.9 605 4.655 3.041 308.6 199.6 05 5.135 3.664 339.5 241.4 0139 4.676 3.662 160.6 87.6 90148 5.086 3.677 337.7 242.5 0092 6.348 3.775 464.7 186.4 PART3 5.081 3.908 223.5 155.8 5.558 3.861 370.5 257.1 4.922 3.66 326.6 242.9 4.752 3.641 327.5 253.3 50 5.018 3.815 336.1 256.0 84 4.959 3.605 317.9 216.6 38 4.96 3.652 203.8 108.7 $3 5.052 3.664 329.8 239.0 17 5.043 3.767 221.9 149.7 052 5.058 3.614 331.7 236.4 5.051 4.005 211.7 152.1 62 5.047 3.637 309.6 222.7 5.298 3.977 223.4 148.7 5.38 4.24 353.7 278.2 5 5.033 4.044 334.6 268.7 995 4.706 3.621 305.6 234.4 04 4.816 3.728 340.0 262.7 16 4.828 4.496 304.3 283.2 0.011 4.993 3.865 244.7 143.6 AVERAGE STDEV COUNT 95% CI Confidence Interval (mmol/L) [Na+] (mg/100 mL) 95% Na+ Confidence Interval (mg/100 mL)

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 12.49EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances among malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains four carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a keto functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that have a charge of −2.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are succinic acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 12.2 - Which of the following is not found within the...Ch. 12.2 - Which of the following is not an organelle? a....Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 12.2 - Which of the following statements about...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 12.3 - Which of the following statements concerning...Ch. 12.3 - Which of the following statements concerning...

Solution Summary: The author explains that there are a number of metabolic reactions that occur in the human body for completion of functions.

Concept explainers

Chapter 12 Solutions