To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α − ketoglutarate , and citrate that contains six carbon atoms. Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid . The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid. The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows: The second class consists of α − ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid. The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 12.50EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains six carbon atoms.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that contains a hydroxy functional group.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that has a charge of −3.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, α−ketoglutarate, and citrate that are glutaric acid derivative.

Concept introduction: There are a number of metabolic reaction that occur in the human body for completion of functions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Polyfunctional carboxylate ions are also the metabolic intermediate formed during metabolic pathways.

Polyfunctional carboxylate ions act as a substrate in the metabolic pathways and can be divided into two parts depending upon the parent carboxylic acid.

The first class consists of malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate ion which are derivative of succinic acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from succinic acid are as follows:

The second class consists of α−ketoglutarate and citrate ion which is a derivative of glutaric acid.

The chemical structures for carboxylate ion derived from glutaric acid are as follows:

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 12.2 - Which of the following is not found within the...Ch. 12.2 - Which of the following is not an organelle? a....Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 12.2 - Which of the following statements about...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 12.3 - Which of the following statements concerning...Ch. 12.3 - Which of the following statements concerning...

Solution Summary: The author identifies the substances malate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, and alpha -ketoglutarate.

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Chapter 12 Solutions