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(a)
Interpretation:
The reason as to why ionization energy should increase as
Concept introduction:
The ionization energy is the measurement of energy, which is required to remove an electron from a neutral atom. An atom acquires a positive charge when it removes an electron from its valence shell. The valence shell electron is loosely bind, which is easily removed.
(b)
Interpretation:
The features of electron configurations with the locations of the breaks in Periods
Concept introduction:
Many of the chemical properties of an atom or ion depend on its electron configuration, the ground state distribution of electrons among the orbitals of the species. In the electron configuration the highest occupied energy level indicates the period and the numbers of valence electrons indicate to the groups.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach
- Does the information on alkali metals in Table 2-8 of the text confirm the general periodic trends in ionization energy and atomic radius? Explain.arrow_forwardWhat is the electron configuration of the Ba3+ ion? Suggest a reason why this ion is not normally found in nature.arrow_forwardConsider the following statement "The ionization energy for the potassium atom is negative, because when K loses an electron to become K +, it achieves a noble gas electron configuration." Indicate everything that is correct in this statement. Indicate everything that is incorrect. Correct the incorrect information and explain.arrow_forward
- (a) Use orbital diagrams to illustrate what happens when anoxygen atom gains two electrons. (b) Why does O3 - not exist?arrow_forward(1) What is the valence electron configuration for the arsenic atom? (2) What is the valence electron configuration for the fluorine atom?arrow_forwardConsider the following equation:Ca+1g2 + e-¡Ca1g2Which of the following statements are true? (i) The energychange for this process is the electron affinity of the Ca+ion. (ii) The energy change for this process is the negative ofthe first ionization energy of the Ca atom. (iii) The energychange for this process is the negative of the electron affinityof the Ca atom.arrow_forward
- Boron, atomic number 5, occurs naturally as two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with natural abundances of 19.9% and 80.1%, respectively. (a) In what ways do the two isotopes differ from each other? Does the electronic configuration of 10B differ from that of 11B? (b) Draw the orbital diagram for an atom of 11B. Which electrons are the valence electrons? (c) Indicate three ways in which the 1s electrons in boron differ from its 2s electrons. (d) Elemental boron reacts with fluorine to form BF3, a gas. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid boron with fluorine gas. (e) ΔHf° for BF3(g) is -1135.6 kj/mol. Calculate the standard enthalpy change in the reaction of boron with fluorine. (f) Will the mass percentage of F be the same in 10BF3 and 11BF3? If not, why is that the case?arrow_forwardexplain the method of ranking increasing radius as well.arrow_forwardGive the shell electron configuration for the following. (For example, the shell electron configuration of lithium is written 2,1.) (a) argon (b) magnesiumarrow_forward
- 2. The ionization energy of an element is defined as the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an individual atom. The following table gives the ionization energy (in units of kilojoules per mole) for five metals, listed in alphabetical order. Locate each of these metals on the periodic table and arrange them in order of rows and columns as in the periodic table. (a) Describe the periodic trend in the ionization energy of elements within a group. (b) Describe the periodic trend in the ionization energy of elements across a period. Metal Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Strontium Ionization Energy 590 738 419 496 549 Materialsarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is incorrect? (a) The second ionization energy of sulphur is greater than that of chlorine (b) The third ionization energy of phosphorus is greater than that of aluminium (c) The first ionization energy of aluminium is approximately the same as that of gallium (d) The second ionization energy of boron is greater than that of carbon a b O darrow_forwardConsider the following equation:Ca+(g) + e------>Ca(g)Which of the following statements are true? (i) The energychange for this process is the electron affinity of the Ca+ion. (ii) The energy change for this process is the negative ofthe first ionization energy of the Ca atom. (iii) The energychange for this process is the negative of the electron affinityof the Ca atom.arrow_forward
- Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning
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