
(a)
Interpretation:
The difference between continuous spectrum and discrete line spectrum in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Each element produces a unique spectrum that is used to identify the elements. There are many possible transitions of electrons in principal energy level. Some of them are more probable and some are less probable. Some are present in visible spectral range, some are present out of visible spectral range.

Answer to Problem 91E
A continuous spectrum gives continuous change in colors while discrete line spectrum gives discrete color lines, which are separated by particular distance.
Explanation of Solution
A spectrum which contains continuous change in colors is called continuous spectrum, it does not contains distinct separation of colors. The distance between two energy states in continuous spectrum is almost equal to zero. This spectrum gives the white light. Discrete line spectrum gives discrete colors line and they are separated by particular distance.
A continuous spectrum gives continuous change in colors while discrete line spectrum gives discrete color lines, which are separated by particular distance.
(b)
Interpretation:
The difference between quantized and continuous in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
An amount that is limited to specific values and may never be between two of those values, is called quantized. An amount that can have any value between any two values is called continuous. There is an infinite number of other acceptable value.

Answer to Problem 91E
An amount is said to be quantized if it is limited to specific values, while an amount is said to be continuous if it have any value between any two values.
Explanation of Solution
An amount is said to be quantized if it is limited within the range of some given specific values and may never be between two of those values. An amount is said to be continuous if it have any random value between two of those values. A line spectrum is quantized but a spectrum of white light is continuous.
An amount is said to be quantized if it is limited to specific values, while an amount is said to be continuous if it have any value between any two values.
(c)
Interpretation:
The difference between ground state and excited state in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electron is normally found in its ground state. The ground state is the conditions when the electron is in

Answer to Problem 91E
Ground state is the lowest possible energy level in which electrons are arranged, while in excited state electrons are not arranged is the lowest possible energy level.
Explanation of Solution
The possible lowest energy level in which electrons are arranged is known as ground state. Initially an electron stayed in its ground state energy level. If an atom absorbs energy, it undergoes excitation and jumps from lower energy level to the higher energy level, which is known as excited state.
Ground state is the lowest possible energy level in which electrons are arranged, while in excited state electrons are not arranged is the lowest possible energy level.
(d)
Interpretation:
The difference between principal energy level and principal quantum number in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Niels Bohr made a huge contribution to the development of modern atomic theory. Bohr introduced the idea of quantized electron energy levels in the atom. These levels appear in modern theory as quantum energy levels, which are identified by the principal quantum number,

Answer to Problem 91E
The principal energy level is identified by the principal quantum number, which represent the energy levels of orbitals.
Explanation of Solution
The principal energy level is identified by the principal quantum number. The principal quantum number represents the energy of orbitals. The first principal energy level is
The principal energy level is identified by the principal quantum number, which represent the energy levels of orbitals.
(e)
Interpretation:
The difference between
Concept introduction:
Niels Bohr suggested that an atom consists of an extremely dense nucleus. This nucleus contains all of the atom’s positive charge and nearly all of its mass and negatively charged electrons of very small mass travel in orbits around the nucleus. The quantum mechanical model keeps the quantized energy levels that Bohr introduced, which is appeared in the quantum theory as principal energy levels

Answer to Problem 91E
Bohr model successfully described the structure and properties of hydrogen atom, while quantum mechanical model succeed in disrobing hydrogen and multi electron atoms.
Explanation of Solution
Bohr model suggested a reasonable explanation for the atomic line spectra in terms of electron energies. Bohr also introduced the idea of quantized electron energy levels in the atom. These levels appear in modern theory as principal energy levels and these principal energy levels are identified by the principal quantum number,
Bohr model successfully described the structure and properties of hydrogen atom, while quantum mechanical model succeed in disrobing hydrogen and multi electron atoms.
(f)
Interpretation:
The difference among principal energy level, sublevel, and orbital in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The number of shells in the atom is equal to the principal energy levels. The region in space where the probability of finding electrons is maximum which is represented by the sublevel. In the sublevel the most probable location of the electrons in three dimensional view is explained by an orbital.

Answer to Problem 91E
The principal energy level represents the energy of orbitals. Sublevel represents the maximum probability of finding electrons within the region. The most probable location of the electrons in three dimensional view is explained by orbital.
Explanation of Solution
The principal energy level is identified by the principal quantum number. The principal quantum number represents the energy of orbitals. Sublevels indicate the energies that are associated with the electrons. There is one sublevel for each principal energy level, which contains one orbital. In the sublevel the most probable location of the electrons in three dimensional view is explained by an orbital.
The principal energy level represents the energy of orbitals. Sublevel represents the maximum probability of finding electrons within the region. The most probable location of the electrons in three dimensional view is explained by orbital.
(g)
Interpretation:
The difference among the sublevels
Concept introduction:
The principal energy levels are identified by the principal quantum number,

Answer to Problem 91E
The energy of each principal energy levels spread over a range related to the sublevels. The energy increase in the order of sublevels
Explanation of Solution
The total number of sublevels or orbitals within a given principal level is equal to the principal quantum number,
The energy of each principal energy levels spread over a range related to the sublevels. The energy increase in the order of sublevels
(h)
Interpretation:
The difference between orbit, and orbitals in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The three dimensional region in space where the probability of finding electrons is maximum is called an orbital. An orbit is defined as the fixed path around which electrons revolve. An orbital is embedded in an orbit.

Answer to Problem 91E
The three dimensional region in space where the probability of finding electrons is maximum is called an orbital. An orbit is the fixed path around which electrons revolve around the nucleus of atoms.
Explanation of Solution
The region in space around a nucleus in which there is a high probability of finding of electron. The region is called orbitals. An orbit is defined as the fixed circular path of nucleus in which electrons revolve around the nucleus of atoms.
The three dimensional region in space where the probability of finding electrons is maximum is called an orbital. An orbit is the fixed path around which electrons revolve around the nucleus of atoms.
(i)
Interpretation:
The difference among first, second, third ionization energies in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The ionization energy is the measurement of energy, which is required to remove an electron from a neutral atom. An atom acquires a positive charge when it removes an electron from its valence shell. The valence shell electron is loosely bind, which is easily removed.

Answer to Problem 91E
The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral gaseous atom of an element is called first ionization energy. The energy required to remove second electron from
Explanation of Solution
The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral gaseous atom of an element is called first ionization energy. The energy required to remove second electron from
The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral gaseous atom of an element is called first ionization energy. The energy required to remove second electron from
(j)
Interpretation:
The difference between metal, nonmetal, metalloid, and semimetal in scientific terms is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Those elements that have tendency to form positive ion by losing electrons are called metals. The elements that have tendency to form anions by gaining electrons are called nonmetal. Metalloids are the elements that have some properties of both metal and nonmetal.

Answer to Problem 91E
Metals are the elements that have tendency to form positive ion by losing electrons and nonmetal are the elements that have tendency to form anions by gaining electrons. Metalloids or semimetals are the elements having the properties of both metal and nonmetal.
Explanation of Solution
A metal hast tendency to form positive ion by losing electrons. Thus, metals are electropositive elements. A nonmetal has tendency to form anions by gaining electrons. Thus, nonmetals are electronegative elements. Most of the elements next to the stair-step line have some properties of metal and nonmetal. These elements are called metalloids or semimetals.
Metals are the elements that have tendency to form positive ion by losing electrons and nonmetal are the elements that have tendency to form anions by gaining electrons. Metalloids or semimetals are the elements that have some properties of both metal and nonmetal.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach
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- Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. :0: :0 H. 0:0 :0: :6: S: :0: Select to Edit Arrows ::0 Select to Edit Arrows H :0: H :CI: Rotation Select to Edit Arrows H. < :0: :0: :0: S:arrow_forward3:48 PM Fri Apr 4 K Problem 4 of 10 Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Mg. :0: Select to Add Arrows :0: :Br: Mg :0: :0: Select to Add Arrows Mg. Br: :0: 0:0- Br -190 H 0:0 Select to Add Arrows Select to Add Arrows neutralizing workup H CH3arrow_forwardIarrow_forward
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