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(a)
Interpretation:
The elements
Concept introduction:
Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy required to take away an electron from the outermost valence shell of the element. The trend which is followed along the period from left to right is that the ionization energy keeps on increasing.
(b)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Elements with the same chemical properties are found in the same group or vertical column. Some of the group of elements are known as chemical families.
Family trends are mostly found among the main group elements. For example, noble gases, halogens, and alkali metals.
(c)
Interpretation:
The atoms of elements
Concept introduction:
Effective nuclear charge is the charge that is effectively attracting the electrons present in a particular shell. The effective nuclear charge keeps on increasing while moving along a period from left to right. Increase in the effective nuclear charge is responsible for the trends of many properties.
(d)
Interpretation:
The elements of Period
Concept introduction:
Metals are the elements that have the tendency of losing one or two electrons to gain a positive charge. Non-metal generally gain electrons. Metalloids are the elements that share the property of both metals and non-metals.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach
- Does the information on alkali metals in Table 2-8 of the text confirm the general periodic trends in ionization energy and atomic radius? Explain.arrow_forwardArrange the following groups of atoms in order of increasing size. a. Rb, Na, Be b. Sr, Se, Ne c. Fe, P, Oarrow_forward2.42 What is a period in the periodic table? From what does it derive its name?arrow_forward
- 2.84 Early attempts to arrange the elements often focused on atomic weight. Mendeleev considered a number of properties in addition to atomic weight, so he realized that some elements seemed out of place when ordered by atomic weight. Using the modern periodic table, identify elements for which Mendeleev must have had to switch the order in order to get the correct sequence of elements.arrow_forwardWrite one possible set of quantum numbers for the valence electrons of calcium.arrow_forward6.100 Some spacecraft use ion propulsion engines. These engines create thrust by ionizing atoms and then accelerating and expelling them. According to Newton's laws, this leads to thrust in the opposite direction. Minimizing mass is always important for space applications. Discuss what periodic trends you would need to consider for choosing a material to ionize for engineering designs with this application.arrow_forward
- 6.84 Which graph correctly depicts the first ionization energy of three elements in groups 14 (dashed line) and 17 (solid line)? Explain the reasoning you used to make your choice.arrow_forwardAn ion that has two more electrons outside the nucleus than there are protons in the nucleus will have a charge of_________.arrow_forward(a) Write out the full electron configuration of Calcium (Ca). (b) How many electrons are in the n=3 shell of Calcium?arrow_forward
- Be sure to answer all parts. Identify the element below and give the symbols of the other elements in its group. [Ar] 4s²3d¹04p² Element symbol: All other elements in its group: Ga, As, Se, Br, Kr Ga (only) C, Si, Sn, Pb Sn, Pb O O O Oarrow_forwardAluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) are in the same row (period) on the periodic table. The atomic radius of aluminum is 125 pm, while the atomic radius of silicon is 110 pm. Why is the aluminum atom larger than the silicon atom? Choose the best explanation. O Aluminum contains more electrons than silicon, so the electron cloud is larger. O The valence electrons in aluminum experience a lower effective nuclear charge than those in silicon, so they aren't pulled as strongly toward the nucleus. Valence electrons in aluminum are attracted to only 13 protons, while those in silicon are attracted to 14 protons, so the valence electrons aren't pulled as strongly toward the nucleus in aluminum. O Atomic radius decreases left-to-right on the periodic table and aluminum is farther to the left.arrow_forward
- Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
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