Show by the movement of electrons (via the use of arrows) how oxaloacetate is decarboxylated in the presence of GTP to form phosphoenolpyruvate. Correctly place the starting point and ending point of your arrows. O=G O CH2 =0 Guanosine- =P 용 O-PO H₂C=C COO 용용이 CO2 + GDP
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- The glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the following reaction: +H₂N- H - - CH₂ - CH₂ COO acide glutamique COO™® + NAD+ + H₂O GDH COO C: CH₂ CH₂ COO™ O + NH4+ NADH + H* The activity of GDH is monitored in the sense of the formation of glutamate using the following conditions: -0.2 mL of 5 M ammonium sulphate 2.4 mL of buffer at pH 8 0.1 mL of NADH at 6.15 mg.mL-¹ (M = 709 g.mol-¹) 0.2 mL of 1 M a-ketoglutarate solution Warm mixture at 25 °C for 5 min - Add 0.1 mL of GDH solution containing 1.6 mg.mL-¹protein to start the reaction. acide a-cétoglutarique The change in absorbance at 340 nm is monitored, in a 1-cm cuvette, every minute for 10 min. Results are given in the table below: Data: ENADH at 340 nm = 6220 M¹.cm¹ Time (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.760 1.718 1.675 1.635 1.595 1.550 1.510 1.489 1.476 A340 10 1.451 - Draw the graph A = f(t). Calculate A340 at t = 0 and place this point on the curve. - Comment the shape of the curve, particularly the portion that corresponds to a…Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) is a reagent that reacts with Asp or Glu residues. Explain why the reaction of DCCD with the c subunits of F1F0-ATP ase blocks its ATP-synthesizing activity.During glycogen synthesis, glucose-1P is converted into a molecule called UDPG. This reaction also cleaves uridine triphosphate (UTP) forming uridine monophosphate and pyrophosphate (PPi). Provide four reasons why UTP can be used to power this reaction (no diagrams necessary).
- The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation: Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation: GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.Deoxynucleotides (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) are the substrates for DNA synthesis. Calculate the number of glucose molecules that must be degraded to generate the energy required for the synthesis of 1000 deoxynucleotides used in DNA synthesis. Assume that glucose is oxidized completely to CO2 and H2O, the malate–aspartate shuttle is in operation, and NADPH is the equivalent of 4 ATPWhich reaction below in the glycolytic pathway has a highly unfavorable delta Gº' but a favorable delta G under physiological conditions? 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP O2-phosphoglyerate → phosphoenolpyruvate Ofructose-1,6-bisphosphate dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Ofructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- If we look at the free energy changes caused by phosphate hydrolysis in the following list of phosphorylated substances, we see 2,2-Phosphatidylinositol (2,2-Phosphatidylinositol) and 2,2-Phosphatidylinositol (2,2-Phosphatidylinositol) Which of these compounds can be directly produced by the transfer of a phospho-group from ATP, given the -7.3 kcal/mole free energy change? 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Glucose-6-phosphate Compounds with phosphorylation in their name. PEP Glucose-1-phosphateWhat product is formed when dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reacted with NADH in the presence of the enzyme glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase? Assume any stereogenic center has the R configuration. This reaction is one step in the synthesis of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol), a starting material needed for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. НО. dihydroxyacetone phosphateWhich class of enzymes catalyzes the following reactions? CH2- CH2- CH2 H2- C- CH2 AST CH2-C CH2 CH-NH + C=O + C=0 + CH-NH ČO0 Čo0 ČO0 ČO0" Aspartate Oxoglutarate Oxaloacetate Glutamate Select one: a. Oxidoreductase O b. Isomerase O c. Ligase d. Transferase
- In metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)can be used for glycogen synthesis or for glycolysis, among otherfates. What does it cost, in terms of ATP equivalents, to storeG6P as glycogen, rather than to use it for energy in glycolysis?Hint: The branched structure of glycogen leads to 90% of glucose residues being released as glucose-1-phosphate and 10%as glucose.What is the quaternary structure of glycogen phosphorylase? How would you characterize the allosteric effects of its small molecule substrate? (one word) What allosteric model (mechanism) that you have learned does it seem to follow? (one acronym)Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose‑6‑phosphate. Give two reasons why a Mg2+ cation is required to facilitate this reaction.