Can you summarize the steps of renal excretion of a drug, outlining the sequence and explaining  terms such as nephron, glomeruli filtrate, bowman's capsule, etc.?

Which of the following sequences gives the correct order for urine formation? Group of answer choices Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration

Consider a drug which is exogenous to the body. The drug is filtered, but not secreted, reabsorbed, or metabolised by the kidneys. The drug is constantly infused in a patient to maintain a plasma concentration of 2mg/L. 24 hour urine collection shows the drug being excreted at a rate of 400μg/min. What is this patient’s GFR? Group of answer choices 50ml/min 100ml/min 150ml/min 200ml/min 400ml/min

Order the following kidney structures to show the path of urine formation and its departure from the body: renal pelvis, glomerulus, ureter, renal artery, bladder, renal tubules (Loop of Henle and collecting ducts), calyx, urethra, Bowman’s capsule.     How will other body systems be affected if the kidneys begin to shut down? Explain your answer.   Suggest reasons why we can live with one kidney, but we are born with two.

The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations.  For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion  Explain how you determined this.

Describe the best surgical approach to the kidney. What are the advantages of this technique? What precautions should be taken with this approach?

A patient comes to your medical practice with complaints of low urine output (not peeing).  You use inulin to calculate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the following information: Plasma level (P – constant over 24 hours): 10 mg/mL inulin.  Urine sample (U): 144 mg inulin/mL urine. Urine formation (V): 10 mL/min.   Using the fromula GFR=V  ✕ U/P, you calculate a GFR of ... A) 144mL/min.. B) 14400 mL/min. C) 144 min./mL. D) 144 g mannitol/min.

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Following surgery to correct a massive hemorrhage, a 55-year-old patient exhibits oliguria and edema. Blood test results indicate increasing azotemia and electrolyte imbalance. The glomerular filtration rate is 20 mL/min. Urinalysis results are as follows: COLOR: Yellow KETONES: Negative CLARITY: Cloudy BLOOD: Moderate GRAVITY: 1.010 BILIRUBIN: Negative pH: 7.0 UROBILINOGEN: Normal PROTEIN: 3+ NITRITE: Negative GLUCOSE: 2+ LEUKOCYTE: Negative Microscopic:    50–60 RBCs/hpf 2–3 granular casts/lpf  3–6 WBCs/hpf 2–3 RTE cell casts/lpf 3–4 RTE cells/hpf 0–1 waxy casts/lpf 0–1 broad granular casts/lpf What diagnosis do the patient’s history and laboratory results suggest? What is the most probable cause of the patient’s disorder? Is this considered to be of prerenal, renal, or postrenal origin?

What analytes are assessed in the clinical laboratory to aid in diagnosis of various renal diseases? Make a list of these and how they  are affected in renal disease. kindly insert your references here