### Kidney Functions Summary**1. Adjusting Blood Volume and Pressure:** - The kidneys regulate blood volume, impacting blood pressure. They also adjust the volume of interstitial fluid and lymph.**2. Regulating Calcium Ion Levels:** - Kidneys maintain the balance of calcium ions, crucial for bone health and cellular functions.**3. Stimulating Red Blood Cell Production:** - They are involved in erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell production.**4. Regulating Blood Pressure:** - Through various mechanisms, the kidneys help maintain stable blood pressure.**5. Regulating Blood Glucose Levels:** - They play a role in balancing blood sugar levels when necessary.**6. Adjusting the pH of Body Fluids:** - Kidneys help maintain the acid-base balance by adjusting the pH levels of body fluids.**7. Regulating Blood Na⁺ and K⁺ Levels:** - Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) levels in the blood are regulated by the kidneys, which is vital for nerve and muscle function.**8. Regulating Blood Cl⁻ Levels:** - Chloride ion (Cl⁻) levels are managed to maintain proper body function.**9. Waste Removal:** - The kidneys eliminate wastes like urea, ammonia, uric acid, creatinine, urobilin (from hemoglobin breakdown), and foreign substances, including drugs and environmental toxins.This list emphasizes the kidneys' crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health.

Excretory system of the body is the main system that removes the excess and waste products from the body and it helps to maintain the homeostasis. The waste of the body is excreted out. This can be urine, sweat etc. The parts of excretory system are kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Kidneys plays an important role in the excretion. The role of kidneys is to filter the blood and excrete out the waste of the body in the form of urine. Role of kidneys in the following functions: Adjusting blood volumes (and so blood pressures) and the volume of interstitial fluid and lymph. The primary role kidneys is adjusting the blood volumes. It regulates the blood volume of the body. It also helps t regulate the blood pressure by activating the renin. Increase in renin causes increased blood pressure. Regulating calcium ion levels Kidneys play a key role in the regulation of calcium ions. It can maintain the homeostasis of calcium levels by excretion and reabsorption of the calcium in the body. Stimulating the production of red blood cells(erythropoiesis) Kidneys plays an important role in the production of red blood cells. They produce a hormone called as erythropoietin which helps the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Regulating blood pressure If the blood pressure is high in the body then kidneys can reduce the amount of fluids in cells by increasing the urination. And if the blood pressure is low, then kidneys increase the reabsorption of water and also of sodium which will lead to more fluids in the cells. Regulating blood glucose levels Kidneys can maintain the blood glucose levels by simply filtering and reabsorbing the glucose. Adjusting the pH of the body fluids They can maintain the pH of body fluids of the body by simply reabsorbing the bicarbonate from urine back to the body and excreting the hydrogen ions out from the body. This reabsorption and excretion it balances the pH.Regulating the blood Na+ and K+ levels Kidneys play an important role in regulating the blood Na+ and K+ levels. With the help of aldosterone hormone kidneys can retain the sodium in urine and can excrete the potassium. Regulating the blood Cl-levels It is regulated by the kidney and is filtered by the glomeruli and reabsorbed by the tubules in the kidneys. Getting rid of wastes such as urea, ammonia, uric acid, creatinine, urobilin from breakdown of hemoglobin, foreign substance such as drugs, and environmental toxins. The main role of kidneys is to filter the blood and make it free rom the toxins and excrete the wastes into the urine. It can excrete the uric acid from the urine. And urea is excreted by the nephrons in kidneys.

Science

Anatomy and Physiology

1. Summarize the role of the kidneys in each of the following functions: Adjusting blood volume (and so blood pressure) and the volume of interstitial fluid and lymph Regulating calcium ion levels Stimulating the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) Regulating blood pressure Regulating blood glucose levels

1. Summarize the role of the kidneys in each of the following functions: Adjusting blood volume (and so blood pressure) and the volume of interstitial fluid and lymph Regulating calcium ion levels Stimulating the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) Regulating blood pressure Regulating blood glucose levels

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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29) There are many negative consequences for a diet high in sodium. Explain how too much sodium in the diet would affect function of the kidneys and the composition of the urine. What tubules of the kidney would be most affected? Provide 2 examples from non-human species for removal of sodium. (short answer please)
6. Explain how the vertical concentration gradient in the medulla and the concentration of vasopressin influences the volume and osmolarity of urine produced.
3. Draw and label a nephron: use the video in Canvas titled “How a nephron works by Professor Koepke" to add details to the picture below. DCT: Filtration: Bowman's or Efferent Giomerular capsule arteriole Distal convoluted tubule Afterent arteriale PCT: Praximal convoluted tubule Cortex-medulla junction Interlobular artery Verule Collecting duct Interiabular Collecting duct: vein Descending limb: Antidiuretic hormone: Loop of the nephron (Henle) Perilutular capillary Ascending limb: Aldosterone: notwork Urine llows into renal pelvis pH:
1. How does the filtration stage in excretory systems function?
1. The location of the kidneys in the body is best described as being: In the pelvic cavity In the mediastinum retroperitoneal In the thoracic cavity 2. Place the structures of the renal tubule in the correct order from the start of filtration to completed urine in the collecting duct. descending (proximal) loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) distal convoluted tubule ascending (distal) loop of Henle Bowman's capsule 3. Place the structures of the blood flow in the nephron in the correct order. glomerulus afferent arteriole peritubular capillaries efferent arteriole cortical radiate veins
II. Complete the table below by putting a tick mark (/) on which organ(s) of the excretory system perform each of the listed functions. Excretory Organs Function kidneys lungs skin bladder removes water removes salt stores urine removes carbon dioxide produces urine
3. The renal clearances and plasma protein binding of three drugs in a 70 kg adult are as follows: Renal Clearance (ml/min) % bound to plasma proteins Drug Theophylline Phenytoin 50 90 Cefonicid 98 10 0.15 20 If GFR is 120 ml/min and urine flow is 1.5 ml/min, what is the likely involvement of filtration, secretion and reabsorption in the renal excretion of each of these drugs? Answers: 1a. 0.114, c. 51.8 L/hr, d. 5.4 L/hr, e. 46.4 L/hr, f. 67.2 L/hr, g. 454 L/hr 2a. theophylline filtered and reabsorbed; phenytoin filtered and reabsorbed; cefonicid filtered and secreted
List the 4 processes typically used by excretory systems and briefly explain each process
1. What would be the influence of decreasing reabsorption of sodium on urine volume?
13. Describe how each of the following hormones regulates reabsorption: HORMONE SUBSTANCE(S) REGULATED? HOW REGULATION OCCURS? Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Nat Peptide (ANP) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) +D, +.
12. Draw a nephron Then, label the following structures on your drawing: Afferent and efferent arterioles (indicate approx. vessel size for these), ascending nephron loop, collecting duct, descending nephron loop, DCT, PCT, and glomerulus After labeling, draw and label a dotted line through the nephron to indicate which structures typically exist in the renal medulla vs. the renal cortex Finally, briefly describe a big picture function of each labeled structure.
11. After iltration of blood in renal corpuscle, urine low in nephron is as follows: a. Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct b. Loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule c. Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule d. Loop of Henle, peritubular duct, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct