Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals And Applications
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780073380322
Author: Yunus Cengel, John Cimbala
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 7, Problem 79CP
To determine
Definition of wind tunnel blockage, the role of thumb about the maximum acceptable blockage for a wind tunnel test and measurement errors.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Algebraic equations such as Bernoulli's relation,
are dimensionally consistent, but what
about differential equations? Consider, for example, the
boundary-layer x-momentum equation, first derived by
Ludwig Prandtl in 1904:
ди
ди
ap
ат
ри — + pu
Әх
+ pg: +
дх
ày
ду
where T is the boundary-layer shear stress and g, is the com-
ponent of gravity in the x direction. Is this equation dimen-
sionally consistent? Can you draw a general conclusion?
I need the answer as soon as possible
Some students want to visualize flow over a spinning baseball. Their fluids laboratory has a nice water tunnel into which they can inject multicolored dye streaklines, so they decide to test a spinning baseball in the water tunnel. Similarity requires that they match both the Rey n olds number and the Strouhal number between their model test and the actual baseball that moves through the air at 90 mi/h and spins at 300 rpm. Both the air and the water are at 68°F. At what speed should they run the water in the water tunnel, and at what rpm should they spin their baseball?
Chapter 7 Solutions
Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals And Applications
Ch. 7 - List the seven primary dimensions. What is...Ch. 7 - What is the difference between a dimension and a...Ch. 7 - Write the primary dimensions of the universal...Ch. 7 - Write the primary dimensions of each of the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 5PCh. 7 - Prob. 6PCh. 7 - On a periodic chart of the elements, molar mass...Ch. 7 - Prob. 8PCh. 7 - Prob. 9PCh. 7 - The moment of force(M)is formed by the cross...
Ch. 7 - Prob. 11PCh. 7 - You are probably familiar with Ohm law for...Ch. 7 - Write the primary dimensions of each of the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 14PCh. 7 - Prob. 15PCh. 7 - Thermal conductivity k is a measure of the ability...Ch. 7 - Write the primary dimensions of each of the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 18PCh. 7 - Prob. 19EPCh. 7 - Explain the law of dimensional homogeneity in...Ch. 7 - In Chap. 4, we defined the material acceleration,...Ch. 7 - Newton's second law is the foundation for the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 23PCh. 7 - Prob. 24PCh. 7 - An important application of fluid mechanics is the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 26PCh. 7 - Prob. 27PCh. 7 - What is the primary reason for nondimensionalizing...Ch. 7 - Prob. 29PCh. 7 - In an oscillating compressible flow field the...Ch. 7 - In Chap. 9, we define the stream function for...Ch. 7 - In an oscillating incompressible flow field the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 33PCh. 7 - Consider ventilation of a well-mixed room as in...Ch. 7 - List the three primary purposes of dimensional...Ch. 7 - List and describe the three necessary conditions...Ch. 7 - A student team is to design a human-powered...Ch. 7 - Repeat Prob. 7-34 with all the same conditions...Ch. 7 - This is a follow-tip to Prob. 7-34. The students...Ch. 7 - A lightweight parachute is being designed for...Ch. 7 - Prob. 41PCh. 7 - The aerodynamic drag of a new sports car is lo be...Ch. 7 - This is a follow-tip to Prob. 7-37E. The...Ch. 7 - Consider the common situation in which a...Ch. 7 - Some students want to visualize flow over a...Ch. 7 - Prob. 46PCh. 7 - Prob. 47PCh. 7 - Prob. 48PCh. 7 - Prob. 49PCh. 7 - Prob. 50PCh. 7 - A stirrer is used to mix chemicals in a large tank...Ch. 7 - Prob. 52PCh. 7 - Albert Einstein is pondering how to write his...Ch. 7 - The Richardson number is defined as Ri=L5gV2...Ch. 7 - Consider filly developed Couette flow-flow between...Ch. 7 - Consider developing Couette flow-the same flow as...Ch. 7 - The speed of sound c in an ideal gas is known to...Ch. 7 - Repeat Prob. 7-54, except let the speed of sound c...Ch. 7 - Repeat Prob. 7-54, except let the speed of sound c...Ch. 7 - Prob. 60PCh. 7 - When small aerosol particles or microorganisms...Ch. 7 - Prob. 62PCh. 7 - Prob. 63PCh. 7 - Prob. 64PCh. 7 - An incompressible fluid of density and viscosity ...Ch. 7 - Prob. 66PCh. 7 - One of the first things you learn in physics class...Ch. 7 - Prob. 68PCh. 7 - Bill is working on an electrical circuit problem....Ch. 7 - A boundary layer is a thin region (usually along a...Ch. 7 - A liquid of density and viscosity is pumped at...Ch. 7 - A propeller of diameter D rotates at angular...Ch. 7 - Repeat Prob. 7-68 for the case an which the...Ch. 7 - In the study of turbulent flow, turbulent viscous...Ch. 7 - Prob. 75PCh. 7 - Consider a liquid in a cylindrical container in...Ch. 7 - Prob. 77PCh. 7 - Prob. 78CPCh. 7 - Prob. 79CPCh. 7 - Prob. 80CPCh. 7 - Define wind tunnel blockage. What is the rule of...Ch. 7 - Prob. 82CPCh. 7 - In the model truck example discussed in Section...Ch. 7 - A small wind tunnel in a university's...Ch. 7 - Prob. 87PCh. 7 - There are many established nondimensional...Ch. 7 - Prob. 89CPCh. 7 - For each statement, choose whether the statement...Ch. 7 - Prob. 91PCh. 7 - Prob. 92PCh. 7 - Prob. 93PCh. 7 - The Archimedes number listed in Table 7-5 is...Ch. 7 - Prob. 95PCh. 7 - Prob. 96PCh. 7 - Prob. 98PCh. 7 - Prob. 99PCh. 7 - Repeal Prob. 7-100 except for a different...Ch. 7 - Prob. 101PCh. 7 - Prob. 102PCh. 7 - Au aerosol particle of characteristic size DPmoves...Ch. 7 - Prob. 104PCh. 7 - Prob. 105PCh. 7 - Prob. 106PCh. 7 - Prob. 107PCh. 7 - Prob. 108PCh. 7 - Prob. 109PCh. 7 - Prob. 110PCh. 7 - An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a device...Ch. 7 - Prob. 113PCh. 7 - Repeat pall (a) of Prob. 7-110, except instead of...Ch. 7 - Sound intensity I is defined as the acoustic power...Ch. 7 - Repeal Prob. 7-112, but with the distance r from...Ch. 7 - Engineers at MIT have developed a mechanical model...Ch. 7 - Prob. 118PCh. 7 - Prob. 119PCh. 7 - Prob. 120PCh. 7 - Prob. 121PCh. 7 - The primary dimensions of kinematic viscosity are...Ch. 7 - Prob. 123PCh. 7 - Prob. 124PCh. 7 - Prob. 125PCh. 7 - There at four additive terms in an equation, and...Ch. 7 - Prob. 127PCh. 7 - Prob. 128PCh. 7 - Prob. 129PCh. 7 - Which similarity condition is related to...Ch. 7 - A one-third scale model of a car is to be tested...Ch. 7 - A one-fourth scale model of a car is to be tested...Ch. 7 - A one-third scale model of an airplane is to be...Ch. 7 - Prob. 134PCh. 7 - Prob. 135PCh. 7 - Prob. 136PCh. 7 - Consider a boundary layer growing along a thin...Ch. 7 - Prob. 138P
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- Pls help ASAParrow_forwardA wind tunnel is used to measure the pressure distribution in the airflow over an airplane model. The air speed in the wind tunnel is low enough that compressible effects are negligible. The Bernoulli equation approximation is valid in such a flow situation everywhere except very close to the body surface or wind tunnel wall surfaces and in the wake region behind the model. Far away from the model, the air flows at speed V∞ and pressure P∞, and the air density ? is approximately constant. Gravitational effects are generally negligible in airflows, so we write the Bernoulli equation asP + 1/2 ρV2 = P∞ + 1/2 ρV2∞ Nondimensionalize the equation, and generate an expression for the pressure coefficient Cp at any point in the flow where the Bernoulli equation is valid. Cp is defined as Cp = P−P∞/1/2ρV2arrow_forwardAerodynamics NACA 747A415, chord is 180 cm 1) What is the location of favorable pressure gradient of the upper surface, measured from LE? 2) What is the location favorable pressure gradient of the upper surface, measured from TE?arrow_forward
- The drag of a sonar transducer is to be predicted, based on wind (Air) tunnel test data. The prototype is 1.5 m diameter sphere, is to be towed at 4.3 m/s in seawater. The model is 0.2 m diameter. Take: Air density = 1.2 kg/m, Air dynamic viscosity = 1.81 x 10$ Pa. s, seawater density = 1000 kg/m, seawater dynamic viscosity 1.813x 10 Pa s, If the drag of the model at these test conditions is 9.5 N, estimate the drag of the prototype in (N).arrow_forwardThis exercise is part of a series of problems aimed at modeling a situation by progressively refining our model to take into account more and more parameters. This progressive approach is very close to whatwhat do professional scientists do! contextWe want to lower a suspended load in a controlled way, so that it hits the ground with a speed whose modulus is not too great. To slow down the descent, we added a resort behind the mass (A), Lasuspended load (B) is connected by a rope passing through a pulley to another mass (A), which slides on a horizontal surface with friction.InformationThe masses of loads A and B are known.The mass of the rope itself is negligible (very small compared to the loads).The pulley has negligible mass and can rotate without friction.Load B is initially stationary and is at a known height h.The surface on which mass A is placed is horizontal.There is friction under mass A: the kinetic friction coefficient u, is known.The rope attached to mass A is perfectly…arrow_forwardS Algebraic equations such as Bernoulli's relation, Eq. (1) of Ex. 1.3, are dimensionally consistent, but what about differential equations? Consider, for example, the bound- ary-layer x-momentum equation, first derived by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904: ди pu- du pv- ду + pgx + ax ду where 7 is the boundary-layer shear stress and g, is the component of gravity in the x direction. Is this equation dimensionally consistent? Can you draw a general con- cusion?arrow_forward
- Nonearrow_forwardi need the answer quicklyarrow_forwardAn engineer is to design a human powered submarine for a design competition. The overall length of the prototype submarine is 2.24 m and its engineer designers hope that it can travel fully submerged through water at 0.560 m/s. The water is freshwater (a lake) at 7-15°C (p=999.1 kg/m3 and u= 1.138 ×103 kg/m-st. The design team builds a one-eighth scale model to test in their university's wind tunnel. The air in the wind tunnel is at 25°C (p= 1.180 kg/m3 and u = 1.849 ×10-5 kg/m-s) and at one standard atmosphere pressure. At what air speed do they need to run the wind tunnel in order to achieve similarity?arrow_forward
- 1. The Stokes-Oseen formula for drag force Fon a sphere of diameter D in a fluid stream of low velocity V, density p, and viscosity u is: 9T F = 3TuDV + 16PD? Is this formula dimensionally homogenous? 2. The efficiency n of a pump is defined as the (dimensionless) ratio of the power required to drive a pump: QAp input power Where Q is the volume rate of flow and Ap is the pressure rise produced by the pump. Suppose that a certain pump develops a pressure of Ibf/in? (1ft = 12 in) when its flow rate is 40 L/s (1L =0.001 m). If the input power is 16hp (1hp = 760 W), what is the efficiency?arrow_forwardB1arrow_forwardSome engineers want a good estimate of drag and boundary-layerthickness at the trailing edge of a miniature wing. The chord and span ofthe wing are 6 mm and 30 mm, respectively and a typical flight speed is5 m/s in air (kinematic viscosity = 15 × 10−6 m2/s; density = 1.2kg/m3). An engineer may decide to make a superseding model withchord and span of 150 mm and 750 mm, respectively. Measurements onthe model in a water channel flowing at 0.5 m/s (kinematic viscosity = 1× 10−6 m2/s, density = 1000 kg/m3) give a drag of 0.19 N and aboundary-layer thickness of 3 mm. Estimate the corresponding values forthe prototypearrow_forward
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