
(a)
Interpretation: It is to be explained why calcium has smaller second ionization than potassium.
Concept introduction:
The first ionization energy is the energy needed for the extraction of the outermost electron from the neutral gaseous atom. The second ionization energy is the energy needed for the extraction of the outermost electron from a unipositive gaseous atom.
(a)

Answer to Problem 65A
This is because, after removing the second electron, calcium will attain a noble gas configuration.
Explanation of Solution
After removing one electron, the electronic configurations of
As shown,
Thus, the second ionization energy of
(b)
Interpretation: It is to be explained why lithium has larger first ionization energy than cesium.
Concept introduction:
The first ionization energy is the energy needed for the extraction of the outermost electron from the neutral gaseous atom.
(b)

Answer to Problem 65A
The first ionization energy decreases down the group.
Explanation of Solution
Lithium and cesium are present in the same group. Lithium is present in period 2 and cesium is present in period 6. Down the group, atomic size increases, and outermost electrons are less tightly held by the nucleus. So, less energy is required to remove the outermost electron.
Thus, the first ionization energy of lithium is larger than cesium,
(c)
Interpretation: It is to be explained why magnesium has a larger third ionization than aluminum.
Concept introduction:
The first ionization energy is the energy needed for the extraction of the outermost electron from the neutral gaseous atom. The second ionization energy is the energy needed for the extraction of the outermost electron from a unipositive gaseous atom.
(c)

Answer to Problem 65A
After removing the second electron, magnesium attains noble gas electronic configuration.
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configurations of Mg and Al are as shown:
After removing two electrons from magnesium, it attains the configuration of Ne which is a noble gas, and so becomes stable.
It is very difficult to remove an electron from a stable ion or atom.
Thus, the third ionization energy of Mg is much larger than the third ionization of Al.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Chemistry 2012 Student Edition (hard Cover) Grade 11
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