Difference between “shallow equality” and “deep equality” tests:

Shallow equality test Deep equality test
It compares the references for equality. That is, checking the memory address is same for both objects “a” and “b”. It compares for objects equivalence. That is, checking two objects “a” and “b” are logically equal.
It compares by using the “==”. It compares using the “equals()” method.

For one-dimensional array:

Shallow equality test for one-dimensional array Deep equality test for one-dimensional array
It compares the immediate contents of two array objects to determine whether the two array values are equal. It compares the contents of two array objects repeatedly until all primitive fields are equal.

For example:

int[] a = {1};

int[] b = {1};

for(int i = 0; i <a.length ; i++)

{

if(a[i] == b[i])

return true;

}

For example:

int[] a = {1, 2, 3};

int[] b = {1, 2, 3};

if(Arrays.equals(a, b))

return true;

Explanation:

“==” helps to compare the immediate content of “a” and “b” array and then return true.

Explanation:

“equals()” method helps to compare the content of “a” and “b” array repeatedly to compare all primitive fields and then return true.

For two-dimensional array:

Shallow equality test for two-dimensional array Deep equality test for two-dimensional array
It compares the immediate contents of two array objects to determine whether the two array values are equal...

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Chapter 3, Problem 12R

Chapter 3, Problem 14R

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Shallow equality test for one-dimensional array	Deep equality test for one-dimensional array
It compares the immediate contents of two array objects to determine whether the two array values are equal.	It compares the contents of two array objects repeatedly until all primitive fields are equal.
For example: int[] a = {1}; int[] b = {1}; for(int i = 0; i <a.length ; i++) { if(a[i] == b[i]) return true; }	For example: int[] a = {1, 2, 3}; int[] b = {1, 2, 3}; if(Arrays.equals(a, b)) return true;
Explanation: “==” helps to compare the immediate content of “a” and “b” array and then return true.	Explanation: “equals()” method helps to compare the content of “a” and “b” array repeatedly to compare all primitive fields and then return true.

Shallow equality test	Deep equality test
It compares the references for equality. That is, checking the memory address is same for both objects “a” and “b”.	It compares for objects equivalence. That is, checking two objects “a” and “b” are logically equal.
It compares by using the “==”.	It compares using the “equals()” method.

Shallow equality test for two-dimensional array	Deep equality test for two-dimensional array
It compares the immediate contents of two array objects to determine whether the two array values are equal...