Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134015187
Author: John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 28, Problem 28.87CP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The importance of breaking down of cyclic AMP rapidly after synthesis to the signal-transmission process has to be described briefly.
Concept Introduction:
- Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.
- There are three proteins which are involved in the releasing of a hormone signal. They are receptor, G protein and an enzyme.
- cAMP is a cyclic
nucleotide and it is a second messenger which is synthesized from ATP by the action of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Chemically cAMP is a 3’,5’- adenosine monophosphate. - Enzymes are proteins that increase the
rate of reaction by lowering the energy of activation and so they are known as “biological catalysts”. - Secondary messengers are short lived intracellular signaling molecules. Elevated concentration of these types of messengers leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes.
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Chapter 28 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 28.1 - While thinking about how a messenger molecule and...Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.2PCh. 28.2 - Prob. 28.3PCh. 28.2 - Prob. 28.4PCh. 28.3 - Prob. 28.5PCh. 28.3 - Prob. 28.6KCPCh. 28.4 - Prob. 28.7PCh. 28.4 - Look at the structure of thyroxine shown earlier...Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.1CIAPCh. 28.4 - Prob. 28.2CIAP
Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.9PCh. 28.5 - Prob. 25.10PCh. 28.6 - Prob. 28.11PCh. 28.6 - Prob. 28.12PCh. 28.6 - Prob. 28.13KCPCh. 28.7 - Identify the functional groups present in THC. Is...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 28.15KCPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.16UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.17UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.18UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.19UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.20UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.21UKCCh. 28 - Prob. 28.22APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.23APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.24APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.25APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.26APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.27APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.28APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.29APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.30APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.31APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.32APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.34APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.35APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.36APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.37APCh. 28 - How does epinephrine reach its target tissues?Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.39APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.40APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.41APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.42APCh. 28 - What enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of the second...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.44APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.45APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.46APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.47APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.48APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.49APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.50APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.51APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.52APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.53APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.54APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.55APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.56APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.57APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.58APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.59APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.60APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.62APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.63APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.64APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.65APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.66APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.67APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.68APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.69APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.70APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.71APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.72APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.73APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.74APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.75APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.76APCh. 28 - Why do we have brain receptors that respond to...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.78APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.79APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.80APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.81APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.82APCh. 28 - Prob. 28.83CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.84CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.85CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.86CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.87CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.88CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.89CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.90CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.91CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.92CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.93CPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.94GPCh. 28 - Prob. 28.95GP
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- when kidney cells secrete low levels of oxygen in the blood they secrete erythropoietin. in this particular signaling pathway (response to low oxygen) the secretion of erythropoietin represents which step of the signal transdution process?arrow_forwardThe same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. How is this possible?arrow_forwardPathways involving G proteins provide an opportunityfor an increase in signal strength in the course of signaltransduction, a change referred to as amplification.How might this be beneficial in olfaction?arrow_forward
- Ethanol is unusual in that it is freely soluble in both water and lipids. Thus, it has access to all regions of the highly vascularized brain. Although the molecular basis of ethanol action in the brain is not clear, ethanol evidently influences a number of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. Suggest a biochemical explanation for the diverse effects of ethanol.arrow_forwardUnder what conditions might receptor up-regulation occur? receptor down-regulation?arrow_forwardTrace the sequence of events in signal transduction for each of the following second messengers: cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate (IP3 ), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium ions.arrow_forward
- Buckeyium is a medication that binds to the NMDA receptor at the orthosteric binding site (were glutamate would normally bind). Assume glycine is already bonded and magnesium isn't inhibiting the NMDAR ion channel. Buckeyium would be regarded a poison if the channel did not open as a consequence of its binding.arrow_forwardImagine a disease that involves reduced expression of receptor X. There is no concentration of full agonist that can restore receptor X signaling back to normal levels. Explain how an allosteric modulator may be used to help in this situation.arrow_forwardPhospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical class of messengers is produced from this fatty acid?arrow_forward
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