Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The reason for why epinephrine can act as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone without “crossover” between the two functions has to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.
Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit messages from the nervous system to the target cell. They are the chemical messagers where the electrical signal from the nervous system is travelled from one neuron to another to reach the target cell.
Epinephrine is synthesized and secreted by the adrenal medulla and is synthesized and secreted by the adrenal medulla.
The pathway when epinephrine acts as hormone is different from the pathway when it acts as neurotransmitter where epinephrine as hormone is passed through blood stream whereas epinephrine as neurotransmitter is passed through neurons to reach the target
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 28 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- List 2 steroid hormones.arrow_forwardDistinguish between the genomic and nongenomic actions of steroid hormones. Which mechanism of action would be inhibited by a drug that interfered with protein synthesis? Explain.arrow_forwardIdentify the structure highlighted in green: Epinephrine receptor ACh receptor Norepinephrine receptorarrow_forward
- Look at the structures of the three female sex hormones shown on page 867. Identify the type of functional group change that interconverts estradiol and estrone. To which class of chemical reactions does this change belong?arrow_forwardExplain how the half-life of a hormone relates to its stabilityarrow_forwardList two hormones that also function as neurotransmitters.arrow_forward
- In the 1950s, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., and his colleagues carried out pioneering experiments to elucidate the mechanism of action ofepinephrine and glucagon. Given what you have learned in this chapter about hormone action, interpret each of the experiments described below. Identify substance X and indicate the significance of the results.(a) Addition of epinephrine to a homogenate of normal liver resulted in an increase in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. However, when the homogenate was first centrifuged at a high speed and epinephrine or glucagon was added to the clear supernatant fraction that contains phosphorylase, no increase in the phosphorylase activity occurred.(b) When the particulate fraction from the centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine, substance X was produced. The substance was isolated and purified. Unlike epinephrine, substance X activated glycogen phosphorylase when added to the clear supernatant fraction of the centrifuged homogenate.(c)…arrow_forwardGive 3 examples of a hormone and provide the following information of each hormone: a. where is the hormone produced? b. target organ of the hormone c. function of hormonearrow_forwardLeptin is considered an “antidiabetogenic” hormone. Explainarrow_forward
- List four effects of prostaglandins.arrow_forwardGive an example of catecholamines.arrow_forwardPlace the following steps (showing how a steroid hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, fourth, and last. Refer to image. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell and binds to the DNA. The steroid hormone passes through the cell membrane. The hormone attaches to a receptor in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. A gene in the DNA is activated, and transcription and translation take place. Proteins that alter the cell′s activities, such as enzymes, are made. 2. Place the following steps (showing how a hydrophilic hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, and last. Refer to image. The activity of the target cell is changed by the final enzyme in the cascade. The second messenger activates or deactivates certain enzymes in a cascade fashion. A second messenger is activated. Hormone binds to a receptor protein.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON