The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified. Concept Introduction: Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both − N H 2 and − C O O H groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid. Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors. Hormones are of three types, 1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group , carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom. 2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain. 3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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The carbon-nitrogen peptide bond is rigid, but rotation can take place about the bond between the nitrogen and a-carbon atoms and the bond between the a-carbon and the carbonyl carbon atom. These bond angles define the conformation of the peptide chain. Consider the Ramachandran plot shown to answer both questions. fr (degrees) 180 120 8280 60 ° -60 Which observation most likely describes part of an observed a helix? p=-59 degrees; y = +150 degrees; many Ser residues qp=-140 degrees; w +130 degrees; many Val residues qp=-57 degrees; y = -47 degrees; many Pro residues qp=-60 degrees; y = -47 degrees; many Ala residues p = +60 degrees; y = +40 degrees; many Gly residues Which observations would not likely occur in a ẞ sheet? qp=-59 degrees; y = -49 degrees; many Ala residues qp = +60 degrees; w = +60 degrees; many Gly residues qp=-120 degrees; y = +120 degrees; many Tyr residues ☐ ☐ qp=-139 degrees; y = +135 degrees; many Val residues op=-51 degrees; w+153 degrees; many Gly and Pro…

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A protein biochemist attempted to determine the amino acid sequence of a decapeptide. The results from the trypsin, chymotrypsin, and cyanogen bromide treatments are shown: ⚫ Trypsin digestion gave two fragments with multiple residues (not in order): • T1: Ala, Arg, Phe, Gly, Thr, Trp, Tyr o T2: Lys, Met, Val Chymotrypsin digestion gave four fragments with multiple residues (not in order): • CT1: Ala, Phe • CT2: Thr, Trp • CT3: Lys, Met, Tyr, Val 。 CT4: Arg, Gly ⚫ Treatment with cyanogen bromide yielded a single amino acid, methionine, and a nonapeptide. What is a possible sequence of the decapeptide? Use three-letter abbreviations in your answer, and add a dash between each residue.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 5

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 6

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 7

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 28.1 - While thinking about how a messenger molecule and...Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.2P Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.3P Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.4P Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 28.5P Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 28.6KCP Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.7P Ch. 28.4 - Look at the structure of thyroxine shown earlier...Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.1CIAP Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.2CIAP

Solution Summary: The author explains that the class to which glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

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Chapter 28 Solutions