The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified. Concept Introduction: Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both − N H 2 and − C O O H groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid. Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors. Hormones are of three types, 1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group , carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom. 2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain. 3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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The beta-lactamase hydrolyzes the lactam-ring in penicillin. Describe the mechanism of hydrolysis, insuring to include the involvement of S, D, & K in the reaction sequence. Please help

To map the active site of beta-lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Why doesn't D in this hexapeptide not participate in the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring even though S, K, and D are involved in the catalyst?

To map the active site of -lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Using the experimental results described above derive the primary sequence of the active site hexapeptide. Please help!

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

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Answer 5

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 6

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 7

Chapter 28, Problem 28.57AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which the glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which thyroxine hormone belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The class to which estradiol belongs has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids: Amino acids are compounds having both −NH2 and −COOH groups in the specific alkyl chain corresponding to the each amino acid.

Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.

Hormones are of three types,

1. Amino acid derivatives: It is a derivative of an amino acid formed by the reaction at the side chain functional group, carboxylic acid group, amino group or by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by heteroatom.

2. Polypeptides: Polypeptides are organic polymers having several amino acids attached to each other in a chain.

3. Steroid: Steroids are a type of organic compound having a molecular structure with four rings connected to each other.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 28.1 - While thinking about how a messenger molecule and...Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.2P Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.3P Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 28.4P Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 28.5P Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 28.6KCP Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.7P Ch. 28.4 - Look at the structure of thyroxine shown earlier...Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.1CIAP Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 28.2CIAP

Solution Summary: The author explains that the class to which glucagon hormone belongs has to be identified.

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Chapter 28 Solutions