Introduction To General, Organic, And Biochemistry
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781337571357
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 22, Problem 61P
1 Food can be preserved by inactivation of enzymes that would cause spoilage—for example, by refrigeration. Give an example of food preservation in which the enzymes are inactivated (a) by heat and (b) by lowering the pH.
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පිපිම
Draw curved arrows to represent the flow of electrons in the reaction on the left
Label the reactants on the left as either "Acid" or "Base"
(iii) Decide which direction the equilibrium arrows will point in each reaction, based on
the given pk, values
(a)
+
H-O
H
3-H
+
(c)
H"
H
+
H****H
000
44-00
NH₂
(e)
i
Дон
OH
Ө
NH
3) Label the configuration in each of the following alkenes as E, Z, or N/A (for
non-stereogenic centers).
00
E
000
N/A
E
Br
N/A
N/A
(g)
E
N/A
OH
E
(b)
Oz
N/A
Br
(d)
00
E
Z
N/A
E
(f) Oz
N/A
E
(h)
Z
N/A
6) Fill in the missing Acid, pKa value, or conjugate base in the table below:
Acid
HCI
Approximate pK,
-7
Conjugate Base
H-C:
Hydronium (H₂O')
-1.75
H-O-H
Carboxylic Acids (RCOOH)
Ammonium (NH4)
9.24
Water (H₂O)
H-O-H
Alcohols (ROH)
RO-H
Alkynes
R--H
Amines
25
25
38
HO
Chapter 22 Solutions
Introduction To General, Organic, And Biochemistry
Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.1QCCh. 22.2 - Prob. 22.2QCCh. 22.3 - Prob. 22.3QCCh. 22.4 - Which of the following is true regarding enzymes?...Ch. 22.5 - Match the description of the enzyme process with...Ch. 22 - What is the difference between a catalyst and an...Ch. 22 - What are ribozymes made of?Ch. 22 - Would a lipase hydrolyze two triglycerides, one...Ch. 22 - Compare the activation energy in uncatalyzed...Ch. 22 - Prob. 5P
Ch. 22 - Prob. 6PCh. 22 - Prob. 7PCh. 22 - Monoamine oxidases are important enzymes in brain...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9PCh. 22 - 0 What kind of reaction does each of the following...Ch. 22 - Prob. 11PCh. 22 - In most enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the rate of...Ch. 22 - 5 At a very low concentration of a certain...Ch. 22 - 6 If we wish to double the rate of an...Ch. 22 - 7 A bacterial enzyme has the following...Ch. 22 - 8 The optimal temperature for the action of...Ch. 22 - 9 The activity of pepsin was measured at various...Ch. 22 - Prob. 18PCh. 22 - Prob. 19PCh. 22 - Prob. 20PCh. 22 - Prob. 21PCh. 22 - 4 What kind of chemical reaction occurs most...Ch. 22 - 5 Which of the following is a correct statement...Ch. 22 - Prob. 24PCh. 22 - 7 Enzymes are long protein chains, usually...Ch. 22 - Prob. 26PCh. 22 - Prob. 27PCh. 22 - 0 Can the product of a reaction that is part of a...Ch. 22 - 1 What is the difference between a zymogen and a...Ch. 22 - 2 The enzyme trypsin is synthesized by the body in...Ch. 22 - Prob. 31PCh. 22 - Prob. 32PCh. 22 - Prob. 33PCh. 22 - Prob. 34PCh. 22 - Prob. 35PCh. 22 - Prob. 36PCh. 22 - Prob. 37PCh. 22 - Prob. 38PCh. 22 - 1 After a heart attack, the levels of certain...Ch. 22 - Prob. 40PCh. 22 - Prob. 41PCh. 22 - Prob. 42PCh. 22 - 5 Chemists who have been exposed for years to or...Ch. 22 - 6 Which enzyme preparation is given to patients...Ch. 22 - 7 Chymotrypsm is secreted by the pancreas and...Ch. 22 - Prob. 46PCh. 22 - Prob. 47PCh. 22 - Prob. 48PCh. 22 - Prob. 49PCh. 22 - Prob. 50PCh. 22 - Prob. 51PCh. 22 - Prob. 52PCh. 22 - Prob. 53PCh. 22 - Prob. 54PCh. 22 - Prob. 55PCh. 22 - Prob. 56PCh. 22 - Prob. 57PCh. 22 - Prob. 58PCh. 22 - Prob. 59PCh. 22 - Prob. 60PCh. 22 - 1 Food can be preserved by inactivation of enzymes...Ch. 22 - Prob. 62PCh. 22 - 3 Would you expect to find active digestive...Ch. 22 - Prob. 64PCh. 22 - Prob. 65PCh. 22 - Prob. 66PCh. 22 - 7 An enzyme has the following pH dependence: At...Ch. 22 - Prob. 68PCh. 22 - Prob. 69PCh. 22 - 0 Nerve gases operate by forming covalent bonds at...Ch. 22 - 1 What would be the appropriate name for an enzyme...Ch. 22 - Prob. 72PCh. 22 - 3 A liver enzyme is made of four subunits: 2A and...Ch. 22 - Prob. 74PCh. 22 - Prob. 75PCh. 22 - Prob. 76PCh. 22 - Prob. 77PCh. 22 - Prob. 78PCh. 22 - Prob. 79PCh. 22 - Prob. 80PCh. 22 - Prob. 81P
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- 5) Rank the following sets of compounds in order of decreasing acidity (most acidic to least acidic), and choose the justification(s) for each ranking. (a) OH V SH я вон CH most acidic (lowst pKa) least acidic (highest pKa) Effect(s) Effect(s) Effect(s) inductive effect O inductive effect O inductive effect electronegativity electronegativity O electronegativity resonance polarizability resonance polarizability O resonance O polarizability hybridization Ohybridization O hybridization оarrow_forwardHow negatively charged organic bases are formed.arrow_forwardNonearrow_forward
- 1) For the following molecules: (i) Label the indicated alkenes as either cis (Z), trans (E), or N/A (for non-stereogenic centers) by bubbling in the appropriate label on the molecule. (ii) Complete the IUPAC name located below the structure (HINT: Put the letter of the configuration in parentheses at the beginning of the name!) E z N/A ()-3,4,6-trimethylhept-2-ene E Oz O N/A ()-3-ethyl-1-fluoro-4-methylhex-3-ene E -+- N/A Me )-2,3-dimethylpent-2-ene (d) (b) E O N/A Br ()-5-bromo-1-chloro-3-ethyloct-4-ene ОЕ Z N/A Et (___)-3-ethyl-4-methylhex-3-ene E (f) Oz N/A z N/A HO (4.7)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-7-methylnona-4,7-dien-2-onearrow_forwardO 9:21AM Tue Mar 4 ## 64% Problem 51 of 15 Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. H :0: CI. AI :CI: :CI: Cl AI Select to Add Arrows Select to Add Arrows O: Cl :CI: :0: H CI: CI CO Select to Add Arrows Select to Add Arrows :O: CI :0: Cl. 10: AIarrow_forward(i) Draw in the missing lone pair(s) of electrons of the reactants on the left (ii) Draw (curved) arrows to show the flow of electrons in the acid/base reaction on the left (iii) Draw the products of the acid/base on the right (iv) Select the correct label for each product as either "conjugate acid" or "conjugate base" (a) JOH OH NH₂ acid base (b) De "H conjugate acid conjugate acid conjugate base conjugate base acid base conjugate acid conjugate base conjugate acid conjugate base acid basearrow_forward
- Could someone answer this NMR and explain please Comment on the general features of the 1H-NMR spectrum of isoamyl ester provided below.arrow_forwardMacmillan Learning Draw the acyl chloride that would give the ketone shown using the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. Select Draw Templates More с H о Cl 2Q Erase AICI₂arrow_forwardDraw the complete mechanism for this reaction: .OH مدید OH H2SO4 + H₂O To save you some time, the starting material has been copied into the first drawing area. However, you will still need to add any other reactants or catalysts that take part in the reaction. ན ི.. OH Add/Remove step Х ด ك Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- 9:27 AM Tue Mar 4 ← Problem 64 of 15 #63% Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. 0:0 0:0 :0: N. :0: :O :0: H H. :0: Select to Add Arrows O :0: H O :0: 0:0. S. H Select to Add Arrows S :0: :0: H Harrow_forwardOrder the following organic reactions by relative rate. That is, select '1' next to the reaction that will have the fastest initial rate, select '2' next to the reaction that will have the next fastest initial rate, and so on. If two reactions will have very similar initial rates, you can select the same number next to both. If a reaction will have zero or nearly zero initial rate, don't select a number and check the box in the table instead. Note: the "Nu" in these reactions means "a generic nucleophile." ملی CI :Nu 2 он 3 H Reaction Relative Rate (Choose one) ▼ Nu :CI: zero or nearly zero Nu :Nu bi (Choose one) zero or nearly zero : Nu لی Nu :H (Choose one) zero or nearly zeroarrow_forward9:12 AM Tue Mar 4 66% Problem 38 of 15 Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Use the reaction conditions provided and follow the arrows to draw the product formed in this reaction or mechanistic step(s). Include all lone pairs and charges as appropriate. Ignore inorganic byproducts. Br2 FeBrз H (+) Br: H : Br----FeBr3 く a SU 00 nd earrow_forward
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