Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The distinguishing tests for the pair of given compounds are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
舧 Chair conformations: It is the most stable conformation, which accurately shows the spatial arrangement of atoms.
舧 Equatorial bonds are parallel to the average plane of the ring, while axial bonds are perpendicular to the average plane of the ring.
舧 The conformation having bonds at the equatorial positions are more stable than those with bonds at the axial position.
舧 On flipping the cyclohexane ring, axial bonds become equatorial bonds and equatorial bonds becomes axial bond.
舧 Bulkier group acquires equatorial positions to form stable conformer due to steric factors.
舧 The most stable configuration of aldopyranoses is when the
舧 Stereochemistry: The equatorial orientation refers to the spatial arrangement of
舧 The anomeric effect is lowest for sugars with equatorial orientation, which results in lower energetic state, and consequently this type of orientation confers higher stability.
舧 The anomeric effect is highest for sugars with axial orientation, which results in higher energetic state, and consequently this type of orientation confers lower stability.
舧 A carbohydrate is a
舧
舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by
舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two carboxylic acids. They are formed due to oxidation reaction of aldoses with dilute
舧 Monosaccharides containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group are called aldohexoses.
舧 Alditols are compounds produced from aldoses or ketoses on reduction with certain reagents such as sodium borohydride (
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舧 Compounds formed by the reaction of reducing sugars with excess of phenyl hydrazine are called osazones. Osazones are products of oxidation and are produced by all reducing sugars.
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舧 Fischer projection is a way of representing the structural formulae of compounds through cross formulation of their open chain structures.
舧. Bromine water is an effective reagent that selectively oxidizes the
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Tollen’s (
舧 Compounds that have plane of symmetry tend to form meso compounds. A meso form arises when the two stereoisomers produce superimposable (achiral) images, and hence, compounds having meso are optically inactive. Chiral (or non-superimposable) molecules are optically active.
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Organic Chemistry
- Draw the structure and give the systematic name of the given disaccharides. [No need to show the stepwise process] (a) Lactose which is also known as milk sugar: β-D-Gal(1à4)β-D-Glc, where Gal is galactose and Glc is glucose.arrow_forwardWhich statement about saccharides is correct? (A). Alpha anomers are more common than beta anoomers. (B). Two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide and oxygen. (C). Polysaccharides with alpha or beta glycosidic linkages have the different properties. (D). Disaccharides can be cyclic or acyclic.arrow_forwardExplain the meaning of the following: (a) Chiral carbon (b) Enantiomers (c) Esterificationarrow_forward
- ( explain all point of question with proper address ).arrow_forward(i) Which one of the following is a polysaccharide :Starch, Maltose, Fructose, Glucose?(ii) What one difference between a-helix and P-pleated sheet structure of protein.(iii) Write the name of the disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B12.arrow_forwardXylulose has the following structural formula. To what carbohydrate class does xylulose belong based on the number of carbons and carbonyl functionality? A) aldotetrose B) aldopentose C) ketotetrose D) ketopentose E) ketohexosearrow_forward
- Consider N-acetyl-d-glucosamine Q.) Draw a chair conformation for the disaccharide formed by joining two units of the pyranose form of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine by a b-1,4-glycosidic bond. If you draw this correctly, you have the structural formula for the repeating dimer of chitin, the structural polysaccharide component of the shell of lobsters and other crustaceans.arrow_forwardIn glycoside formation, the hemiacetal functional group of a cyclic monosaccharide is converted to an acetal group by reaction with a(an)arrow_forwardDraw the structure of: (a) a polysaccharide formed by joining D-mannose units in 1->4-ß-glycosidic linkages; (b) a polysaccharide formed by joining D-glucose units in 1->6-a-glycosidic linkages. The polysaccharide in (b) is dextran, a component of dental plaque.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about the monosaccharide shown below is correct?arrow_forwardCellobiose, a disaccharide obtained by the hydrolysis of cellulose, is composed of two glucose units joined together in a 1→4-β-glycoside bond. What is the structure of cellobiose?arrow_forwardHow many asymmetric carbons and stereoisomers are there for an aldohexose? For aketohexose?arrow_forward
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