The structures of the two different γ − lactones produced by lactonization of D-glucaric acid are to be determined. Concept introduction: 舧 A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 舧 HNO 3 is an oxidizing agent. 舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by HNO 3 to give aldaric acid as a product. 舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two carboxylic acids. They are formed due to oxidation reaction of aldoses with dilute HNO 3 and their general reaction can be represented as: 舧 Biomolecules containing an ester group ( − O C O ) as part of their ring structures are called lactones . They are derived from their respective hydroxycarboxylic acids. Formation of lactones is called lactonization . They mainly exist as λ and δ forms. 舧 Aldaric acids (obtained from oxidation of aldohexoses) produces lactones of the same order that is as: 舧 The reaction in which there is removal of water molecule is called dehydration reaction.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 8PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures of the two different γ−lactones produced by lactonization of D-glucaric acid are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

舧 A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1

舧 HNO3 is an oxidizing agent.

舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by HNO3 to give aldaric acid as a product.

舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two carboxylic acids. They are formed due to oxidation reaction of aldoses with dilute HNO3 and their general reaction can be represented as:

舧 Biomolecules containing an ester group (−OCO) as part of their ring structures are called lactones. They are derived from their respective hydroxycarboxylic acids. Formation of lactones is called lactonization. They mainly exist as λ and δ forms.

舧 Aldaric acids (obtained from oxidation of aldohexoses) produces lactones of the same order that is as:

舧 The reaction in which there is removal of water molecule is called dehydration reaction.

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Explain the reasons for the following observed properties: (a) Carboxylic acids have higher boiling point than alcohols of similar molecular mass (b) Acetone is soluble in water

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Give reasons: (i) Bond length of C = O in carboxylic acids is slightly larger than C = O bond length in carbonyl compounds. (ii) There are two –NH2 groups in semicarbazide. However, only one –NH2 group is involved in the formation of semicarbazones. (iii) Benzoic acid is less soluble in water than acetic acid. (iv) Formic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 8PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures of the two different γ−lactones produced by lactonization of D-glucaric acid are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

舧 A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1

舧 HNO3 is an oxidizing agent.

舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by HNO3 to give aldaric acid as a product.

舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two carboxylic acids. They are formed due to oxidation reaction of aldoses with dilute HNO3 and their general reaction can be represented as:

舧 Biomolecules containing an ester group (−OCO) as part of their ring structures are called lactones. They are derived from their respective hydroxycarboxylic acids. Formation of lactones is called lactonization. They mainly exist as λ and δ forms.

舧 Aldaric acids (obtained from oxidation of aldohexoses) produces lactones of the same order that is as:

舧 The reaction in which there is removal of water molecule is called dehydration reaction.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 8PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures of the two different γ−lactones produced by lactonization of D-glucaric acid are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

舧 A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1

舧 HNO3 is an oxidizing agent.

舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by HNO3 to give aldaric acid as a product.

舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two carboxylic acids. They are formed due to oxidation reaction of aldoses with dilute HNO3 and their general reaction can be represented as:

舧 Biomolecules containing an ester group (−OCO) as part of their ring structures are called lactones. They are derived from their respective hydroxycarboxylic acids. Formation of lactones is called lactonization. They mainly exist as λ and δ forms.

舧 Aldaric acids (obtained from oxidation of aldohexoses) produces lactones of the same order that is as:

舧 The reaction in which there is removal of water molecule is called dehydration reaction.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 8PP

Interpretation Introduction