Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Bond order with molecular orbital diagram of
Concept Introduction:
Molecular orbital diagram is a linear combination of atomic orbitals of similar energy and similar symmetry. It is formed by the proper overlap of the atomic orbitals.
There are 3 types of molecular orbitals as follows:
- 1. Bonding molecular orbital: They are formed by the constructive interference of atomic orbitals and electrons in it stabilize the molecule and are of lesser in energy.
- 2. Antibonding molecular orbital: This type of orbitals increases the energy of molecule and destabilizes it and weakens the bond between the atoms.
- 3. Non-bonding molecular orbital: These types of orbitals have energy similar to atomic orbitals that is addition or removal of electron does not change the energy of molecule.
The order of energy in molecular orbital follows two rules as follows:
- 1. For
atomic number less than or equal to 14 order of energy is,
- 2. For atomic number more than 14 order of energy is,
Bond order
Species with number of unpaired electrons in its subshell is called paramagnetic species.
(a)

Answer to Problem 2G.2E
The molecule
Explanation of Solution
For
The symbol for boron is
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 6 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital. Therefore, the molecular orbital diagram of
The electronic configuration of
Substitute 4 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 2 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
The molecular orbital diagram of
(b)
Interpretation:
Bond order with molecular orbital diagram of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Answer to Problem 2G.2E
The molecule
Explanation of Solution
For
The symbol for boron is
One negative charge is added up in a total valence count.
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 7 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital. Therefore, the molecular orbital diagram of
The electronic configuration of
Substitute 5 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 2 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
The molecular orbital diagram of
(c)
Interpretation:
Bond order with molecular orbital diagram of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)

Answer to Problem 2G.2E
Explanation of Solution
For
The symbol for boron is
One positive charge on molecule is subtracted from total valence count.
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 5 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital. Therefore, the molecular orbital diagram of
The electronic configuration of
Substitute 3 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 2 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
The molecular orbital diagram of
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Chapter 2 Solutions
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