Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Changes in bond order, bond distance, and magnetic properties expected when
Concept Introduction:
Bond order is calculated by the expression given as follows:
The magnetic properties are related to terms such as diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Paramagnetism defines the ability of elements to be weakly attracted in an external magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Diamagnetism defines the ability to be repelled in the external magnetic field environment. This is because diamagnetic species have paired electrons.
The bond length is estimated to be an average of covalent radii of two atoms within a bond. When bond order increases bond becomes stronger and bond length reduces. This accounts for shorter bond length in the case of unsaturated compounds while longer bonds in saturated compounds.
(a)

Explanation of Solution
For
The corresponding molecular orbitals in
Bond order is calculated by the expression given as follows:
Substitute 4 for anti-bonding electrons and 8 for bonding electrons in equation (1).
Thus bond order is 2 in
For
Substitute 4 for anti-bonding electrons and 7 for bonding electrons in equation (1).
Thus bond order is 1.5 in
Since the reduction in bond implies bond is longer thus the bond length is more in case of
(b)
Interpretation:
Changes in bond order, bond distance, and magnetic properties expected when
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Explanation of Solution
For
The corresponding molecular orbitals in
Bond order is calculated by the expression given as follows:
Substitute 4 for anti-bonding electron and 10 for bonding electrons in equation (1).
Thus bond order is 3 in
For
Substitute 4 for anti-bonding electrons and 9 for bonding electrons in equation (1).
Thus bond order is 2.5 in
Since the reduction in bond order implies bond is longer thus the bond length is more in case of
Further in
(b)
Interpretation:
Changes in bond order, bond distance, and magnetic properties expected when
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Explanation of Solution
For
The corresponding molecular orbitals in
Bond order is calculated by the expression given as follows:
Substitute 6 for anti-bonding electrons and 10 for bonding electrons in equation (1).
Thus bond order is 2 in
For
Substitute 5 for anti-bonding electrons and 10 for bonding electrons in equation (1).
Thus bond order is 2.5 in
Since the reduction in bond order implies bond is shorter thus the bond length is more in case of
Further in
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Chapter 2 Solutions
ACHIEVE/CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES ACCESS 2TERM
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