Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom has to be determined and structure of lower energy has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
The formal charge on each atom in the Lewis structure can be calculated from the equation written as follows:
Here,
Lowest energy structure is the one that has zero or nearly zero formal charge.
(a)

Explanation of Solution
The formal charge on each atom in the Lewis structure can be calculated from the equation as follows:
For structure 1:
Substitute 5 for
Substitute 4 for
Similarly for other Lewis structure, substitute 5 for
Substitute 5 for
Substitute 4 for
Hence formal charge on each structure is illustrated below:
Since the former has less formal charges on maximum number of atoms so I is lower in energy than II therefore I represents structure of lowest energy.
(b)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom has to be determined and structure of lower energy has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Explanation of Solution
The formal charge on each atom in the Lewis structure can be calculated from the equation as follows:
For structure I:
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 5 for
For structure II:
Similarly for second Lewis structure, substitute 6 for
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 5 for
For structure III:
Similarly for third Lewis structure, substitute 6 for
Substitute 5 for
Hence formal charge in the two structures is illustrated below.
Since the II has a
(b)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom has to be determined and structure of lower energy has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Explanation of Solution
The formal charge on each atom in the Lewis structure can be calculated from the equation as follows:
For Lewis structureI, substitute 6 for
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 7 for
For Lewis structure II,
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 7 for
For Lewis structure III, substitute 6 for
Substitute 6 for
Substitute 7 for
Hence formal charge in the three structures is illustrated below:
Since I has zero formal charges on central electronegative iodine atom compared to other cases with
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Chapter 2 Solutions
ACHIEVE/CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES ACCESS 2TERM
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