Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Lewis structure, VSEPR formula, bond angle, and molecular shape for
Concept Introduction:
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model predicts shape by inclusion of bond angles and most distant arrangement of atoms that leads to minimum repulsion. For the molecules that have no lone pairs around the central atom the bonded-atom unshared -pair arrangement is decided by the table as follows:
In order to determine the shape the steps to be followed are indicated as follows:
- 1. Lewis structure of molecule should be written.
- 2. The type electron arrangement around the central atom should be identified around the central atom. This essentially refers to determination of bond pairs and unshared or lone pairs around central atoms.
- 3. Then bonded-atom unshared -pair arrangement that can maximize the distance of electron pairs about central atom determines the shape.
For molecules that have lone pairs around central atom, lone pairs influence shape, because there are no atoms at the positions occupied by these lone pairs. The key rule that governs the molecular shape, in this case, is the extent of lone –lone pair repulsions are far greater than lone bond pair or bond pair-bond pair repulsions. The table that summarized the molecular shapes possible for various combinations of bonded and lone pairs are given as follows:
(a)

Answer to Problem 2E.16E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on each atom in
The skeleton structure in
These 15 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs to satisfy respective octets. Hence, the Lewis structure in
It is evident that
One lone pair is localized on equatorial positions so as to minimize lone pair–bond pair repulsions in accordance with VSPER model. This leads see-saw shape for
If lone pairs are represented by E, central atom with A and each unique atom attached by X and
(b)
Interpretation:
Lewis structure, VSEPR formula, bond angle, and molecular shape for
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Answer to Problem 2E.16E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on atom in
The skeleton structure in
These 12 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs to satisfy respective octets. Hence, the Lewis structure in
It is evident that
If lone pairs are represented by E, central atom with A and other attached bon pairs by X, then for any tetrahedral species with no one pairs the VSEPR formula is predicted to be
(c)
Interpretation:
Lewis structure, VSEPR formula, bond angle, and molecular shape for
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)

Answer to Problem 2E.16E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on atom along with two negative charges in
The skeleton structure in
These 18 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs on each fluorine atom to satisfy respective octets. Hence, the Lewis structure in
It is evident that in
(d)
Interpretation:
Lewis structure, VSEPR formula, bond angle and molecular shape for
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(d)

Answer to Problem 2E.16E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on each fluorine and central iodine in
The skeleton structure in
These 16 electron pairs are allotted as lone pairs of each of the fluorine atoms and one on central iodine to satisfy respective octet. Hence, the Lewis structure
It is evident that in
If lone pairs are represented by E, central atom with A and other attached bond pairs by X, then for any square planar species the VSEPR formula is predicted as
(e)
Interpretation:
Lewis structure, VSEPR formula, bond angle and molecular shape for
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(e)

Answer to Problem 2E.16E
The shape for
Explanation of Solution
Total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons on atom in
Thus, Lewis structure in
These 12 electron pairs are allotted as either lone pairs or multiple bonds with
It is evident that in
So
If lone pairs are represented by E, central atom with A and other attached bond pairs by X, then for any tetrahedral species the VSEPR formula is predicted as
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 2 Solutions
ACHIEVE/CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES ACCESS 2TERM
- * Hint: Think back to Chem 1 solubility rules. Follow Up Questions for Part B 12. What impact do the following disturbances to a system at equilibrium have on k, the rate constant for the forward reaction? Explain. (4 pts) a) Changing the concentration of a reactant or product. (2 pts) b) Changing the temperature of an exothermic reaction. (2 pts) ofarrow_forwardDraw TWO general chemical equation to prepare Symmetrical and non-Symmetrical ethers Draw 1 chemical reaction of an etherarrow_forwardPlease help me with the following questions for chemistry.arrow_forward
- + C8H16O2 (Fatty acid) + 11 02 → 8 CO2 a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? H2o CO₂ c. Which reactant is the electron donor? Futty acid d. Which reactant is the electron acceptor? e. Which of the product is now reduced? f. Which of the products is now oxidized? 02 #20 102 8 H₂O g. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? 2 h. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forward→ Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + 1FAD + 1ADP 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? d. Which reactants are the electron acceptors? e. Which of the products are now reduced? f. Which product is now oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. OCH 3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) Br (Choose one) Explanation Check NO2 (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Aarrow_forward
- For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Cl O donating O withdrawing ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O Explanation Check O electron-rich O electron-deficient similar to benzene X © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessarrow_forwardIdentifying electron-donating and For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects NH2 ○ donating NO2 Explanation Check withdrawing no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating O withdrawing O no resonance effects O donating O withdrawing O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Ono resonance effects O electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene olo 18 Ar 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibilityarrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check Х (Choose one) OH (Choose one) OCH3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning


