Synthesis of the given compound Darvon, starting with ethyl phenyl ketone is to be outlined. Concept introduction: Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid–base reactions. The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols. These reactions are two-step reactions. In the first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent, being nucleophilic, uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with M g 2 + and X − . In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion, which leads to the formation of the alcohol and M g X 2 . Mannich reaction: Carbonyl groups capable of forming enol react with primary or secondary amine and formaldehyde to form a β -amino carbonyl compounds known as Mannich base. Alcohols react with acetic anhydride to form esters via nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 50P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound Darvon, starting with ethyl phenyl ketone is to be outlined.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid–base reactions.

The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols. These reactions are two-step reactions. In the first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent, being nucleophilic, uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with Mg2+ and X−.

In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion, which leads to the formation of the alcohol and MgX2.

Mannich reaction: Carbonyl groups capable of forming enol react with primary or secondary amine and formaldehyde to form a β-amino carbonyl compounds known as Mannich base.

Alcohols react with acetic anhydride to form esters via nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 50P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound Darvon, starting with ethyl phenyl ketone is to be outlined.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid–base reactions.

The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols. These reactions are two-step reactions. In the first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent, being nucleophilic, uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with Mg2+ and X−.

In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion, which leads to the formation of the alcohol and MgX2.

Mannich reaction: Carbonyl groups capable of forming enol react with primary or secondary amine and formaldehyde to form a β-amino carbonyl compounds known as Mannich base.

Alcohols react with acetic anhydride to form esters via nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 50P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound Darvon, starting with ethyl phenyl ketone is to be outlined.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent reactions with carbonyl groups are treated as acid–base reactions.

The reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl groups yields secondary and tertiary alcohols. These reactions are two-step reactions. In the first step, nucleophilic addition of carbonyl group takes place because Grignard reagent, being nucleophilic, uses its lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alkoxide ion which remains associated with Mg2+ and X−.

In the second step, addition of aqueous HX causes the protonation of the alkoxide ion, which leads to the formation of the alcohol and MgX2.

Mannich reaction: Carbonyl groups capable of forming enol react with primary or secondary amine and formaldehyde to form a β-amino carbonyl compounds known as Mannich base.

Alcohols react with acetic anhydride to form esters via nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 19, Problem 50P

Interpretation Introduction