The products for each of the given reactions are to be predicted. Concept introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair. Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair. Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. An aldol reaction with two different carbonyl compounds is termed as a crossed aldol reaction. In crossed aldol condensation, weak bases, like hydroxide, or an alkoxide are used in the protic solvent. In a directed aldol reaction, a strong base, like LDA, is used in an aprotic solvent. The Claisen condensation is the carbon-carbon bond formation reaction and is important for the preparation of β − Keto ester . In Claisen condensation, the ester of one molecule is added to the carbonyl carbon of another molecule and the formation of β − Keto ester takes place. When one ester molecule has no alpha hydrogen, crossed Claisen condensation occurs.

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Chapter 19, Problem 47P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products for each of the given reactions are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

An aldol reaction with two different carbonyl compounds is termed as a crossed aldol reaction.

In crossed aldol condensation, weak bases, like hydroxide, or an alkoxide are used in the protic solvent.

In a directed aldol reaction, a strong base, like LDA, is used in an aprotic solvent.

The Claisen condensation is the carbon-carbon bond formation reaction and is important for the preparation of β−Keto ester.

In Claisen condensation, the ester of one molecule is added to the carbonyl carbon of another molecule and the formation of β−Keto ester takes place.

When one ester molecule has no alpha hydrogen, crossed Claisen condensation occurs.

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