The starting material required to synthesize each given compound using aldol reaction is to be identified. Concept introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair. Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair. Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. A carbon-carbon bond formation occurs by aldol addition and aldol condensation reaction. An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β − hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α , β − unsaturated product. A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction. A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an base is called base catalyzed reaction. Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further. A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs through aldol condensation reaction. An aldol reaction take place in a protic solvent with a base. Dehydration of aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α , β − unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation. An aldol addition reaction is reversible, known as retro aldol reaction.

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Chapter 19, Problem 36P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The starting material required to synthesize each given compound using aldol reaction is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon-carbon bond formation occurs by aldol addition and aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an base is called base catalyzed reaction.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs through aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction take place in a protic solvent with a base.

Dehydration of aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

An aldol addition reaction is reversible, known as retro aldol reaction.

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