The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided. Concept introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair. Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair. Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction. An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base. Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further. An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β − hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α , β − unsaturated product. A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction. A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction. The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α , β − unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation. The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction. In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β − keto ester. Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation. Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation. Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 39P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be provided.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an acid is called acid catalysed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalysed by an base is called base catalysed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

The carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which is useful for the synthesis of beta-keto ester, is known as Claisen condensation reaction.

In Claisen condensation, reaction occur between two esters, a carbon-carbon bond formation takes place which leads to the formation of β− keto ester.

Dieckmann condensation is also known as intramolecular Claisen condensation.

Five and six membered rings are easily prepared by Dieckmann condensation.

Esters containing only one alpha hydrogen do not undergo Claisen condensation reaction.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 11

Ch. 19 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 19.1 (a) Write a mechanism. for...Ch. 19 - Practice Problem 19.2 Since the products obtained...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3PP Ch. 19 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 19.4 Write mechanisms that...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5PP Ch. 19 - Prob. 6PP Ch. 19 - Practice Problem 19.7 The acid-catalyzed aldol...Ch. 19 - Prob. 8PP Ch. 19 - Practice Problem 19.9 (a) Provide a mechanism for...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10PP

Solution Summary: The author explains the mechanism for the given reaction. Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge.

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Chapter 19 Solutions