
Interpretation:
The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.
An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.
Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.
An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of
A
A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.
The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated
As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.
The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:
Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.
The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.
The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.
The octet of all atoms is completely filled.
More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

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Chapter 19 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- The predominant components of our atmosphere are N₂, O₂, and Ar in the following mole fractions: χN2 = 0.780, χO2 = 0.21, χAr = 0.01. Assuming that these molecules act as ideal gases, calculate ΔGmix, ΔSmix, and ΔHmix when the total pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 300 K.arrow_forwarddG = Vdp - SdT + μA dnA + μB dnB + ... so that under constant pressure and temperature conditions, the chemical potential of a component is the rate of change of the Gibbs energy of the system with respect to changing composition, μJ = (∂G / ∂nJ)p,T,n' Using first principles prove that under conditions of constant volume and temperature, the chemical potential is a measure of the partial molar Helmholtz energy (μJ = (∂A / ∂nJ)V,T,n')arrow_forwardThe vapor pressure of dichloromethane at 20.0 °C is 58.0 kPa and its enthalpy of vaporization is 32.7 kJ/mol. Estimate the temperature at which its vapor pressure is 66.0 kPa.arrow_forward
- Draw the structure of A, the minor E1 product of the reaction. Cl Skip Part Check F1 esc CH_CH OH, D 3 2 Click and drag to start drawing a structure. 80 R3 F4 F2 F3 @ 2 # $ 4 3 Q W 95 % KO 5 F6 A F7 × G ☐ Save For Later Sub 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy C ►II A A F8 F9 F10 FL 6 7 88 & * 8 9 LLI E R T Y U A S D lock LL F G H 0 P J K L Z X C V B N M 9 Harrow_forwardFrom the choices given, which two substances have the same crystal structure? (Select both) Group of answer choices ZnS (zincblende) Diamond TiO2 (rutile) ZnS (wurtzite)arrow_forwardPotassium (K) blends with germanium (Ge) to form a Zintl phase with a chemical formula of K4Ge4. Which of the following elements would you expect potassium to blend with to form an alloy? Electronegativities: As (2.0), Cl (3.0), Ge (1.8), K (0.8), S (2.5), Ti (1.5) Group of answer choices Arsenic (As) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Titanium (Ti)arrow_forward
- Consider two elements, X and Z. Both have cubic-based unit cells with the same edge lengths. X has a bcc unit cell while Z has a fcc unit cell. Which of the following statements is TRUE? Group of answer choices Z has a larger density than X X has more particles in its unit cell than Z does X has a larger density than Z Z has a larger unit cell volume than Xarrow_forwardHow many particles does a face-centered cubic (fcc) unit cell contain? Group of answer choices 2 14 8 4arrow_forwardV Highlight all of the carbon atoms that have at least one beta (B) hydrogen, using red for one ẞ hydrogen, blue for two ẞ hydrogens, and green for three ẞ hydrogens. If none of the carbon atoms have ẞ hydrogens, check the box underneath the molecule. ED X None of the carbon atoms have ẞ hydrogens. Explanation esc 2 Check * F1 F2 1 2 80 # 3 Q W tab A caps lock shift fn control F3 N S option O 694 $ F4 F5 F6 005 % E R D F LL 6 olo 18 Ar B © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility A DII F7 F8 87 & * 8 T Y U G H 4 F9 F10 ( 9 0 E F11 F12 உ J K L + || X C V B N M H H command option commandarrow_forward
- Consider the reaction below and answer the following questions. Part 1 of 4 Br NaOCH2CH3 Identify the mechanisms involved. Check all that apply. SN 1 SN 2 E1 E2 None of the above Part 2 of 4 Skip Part Check esc F1 F2 lock 1 2 Q W A S #3 80 F3 F4 F5 F6 Save For © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms ˇˇ % & 4 5 6 89 7 IK A 分 བ F7 F8 F9 F * E R T Y U 8 9 D F G H K V B N M 0 Oarrow_forwardWhat kind of holes are not generated when solid-state particles adopt a close packing pattern? Group of answer choices tetrahedral cubic octahedral None of the other choices are correctarrow_forwardFor the reaction below: 1. Draw all reasonable elimination products to the right of the arrow. 2. In the box below the reaction, redraw any product you expect to be a major product. 田 Major Product: Check ☐ + I Na OH esc F1 F2 2 1 @ 2 Q W tab A caps lock S #3 80 F3 69 4 σ F4 % 95 S Click and drag to sta drawing a structure mm Save For Later 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use GO DII F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 6 CO 89 & 7 LU E R T Y U 8* 9 0 D F G H J K L Z X C V B N M 36arrow_forward
