
Concept explainers
Interpretation:
For each of the following, the products A and B are to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The condensation reactions in carbonyl, the enolate or enol of a carbonyl group of one compound reacts with the carbonyl group of another compound. The two main types of condensation are Claisen and aldol condensation.
Claisen condensation is the formation of keto esters through carbon-carbon bond formation.
The Claisen condensation is the carbon–carbon bond formation reaction and is important for the preparation of
In Claisen condensation, the ester of one molecule is added to the carbonyl carbon of another molecule and the formation of
When one ester molecule has no alpha hydrogen, crossed Claisen condensation occurs.
Aldol condensation involves the reaction of the enolate of an hydroxyl ketone or aldehyde.
An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of
A
A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an base is called base catalyzed reaction.
Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.
A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs through aldol condensation reaction.
An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.
Dehydration of aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated

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Chapter 19 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
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