Chapter 18.4, Problem 1PPA

Practice Problem ATTEMPT

For each of the following, calculate $\Delta S_{univ}$ and identify the process as a spontaneous process, a nonspontaneous process, or an equilibrium process at the specified temperature:

$\left(\text{a}\right){\text{ CO}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\underset{}{\to }{\text{ CO}}_{\text{2}}\text{(}aq\text{) at 25°C, }\left(\text{b}\right){\text{ N2O}}_{\text{4}}\left(g\right)\underset{}{\to }{\text{ 2NO}}_{\text{2}}\left(g\right)\text{ at 10}\text{.4°C,}$

$\left(\text{c}\right){\text{ PCl}}_{\text{3}}\left(l\right)\underset{}{\to }{\text{ PCl}}_{\text{3}}\left(g\right)\text{ at 61}\text{.2°C}\text{.}$ (Assume that the thermodynamic data in Appendix 2 do not vary with temperature.)