Chapter 1.8, Problem 1.16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The curve arrow should be drawn for contributing structure, valence electrons and all formal charges has to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Resonance: The delocalization of electrons which is characterized as several structural changes.

Formal charge:

The charge on an atom in a molecule is called its formal charge.

Formal charge can be calculated by using following formula,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of valence electrons in the neutral, unboned atom}\\ \text{Formal charge}=\text{ -}\\ [\text{All unshared electrons shared electrons + One half of all shared electrons]}\end{array}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The curve arrow should be drawn for contributing structure, valence electrons and all formal charges has to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Resonance: The delocalization of electrons which is characterized as several structural changes.

Formal charge:

The charge on an atom in a molecule is called its formal charge.

Formal charge can be calculated by using following formula,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of valence electrons in the neutral, unboned atom}\\ \text{Formal charge}=\text{ -}\\ [\text{All unshared electrons shared electrons + One half of all shared electrons]}\end{array}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The curve arrow should be drawn for contributing structure, valence electrons and all formal charges has to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Resonance: The delocalization of electrons which is characterized as several structural changes.

Formal charge:

The charge on an atom in a molecule is called its formal charge.

Formal charge can be calculated by using following formula,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of valence electrons in the neutral, unboned atom}\\ \text{Formal charge}=\text{ -}\\ [\text{All unshared electrons shared electrons + One half of all shared electrons]}\end{array}$