(a)
Interpretation:
The greater contribution of the structure has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
The outer most shell of the element is called as valence shell. The electrons present in the outer shell are called valence electron.
For example:
Nitrogen element has seven electrons and it has two shells, the second shell is the valence shell and it has five electrons in the valence shell. The five electrons are called as valence electrons.
The number of valence electron of carbon is four, number of valence electron of oxygen is six, number of valence electron of nitrogen is five and the number of valence electron of hydrogen is one.
Resonance: The delocalization of electrons which is characterized as several structural changes.
(b)
Interpretation:
The greater contribution of the structure has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
The outer most shell of the element is called as valence shell. The electrons present in the outer shell are called valence electron.
For example:
Nitrogen element has seven electrons and it has two shells, the second shell is the valence shell and it has five electrons in the valence shell. The five electrons are called as valence electrons.
The number of valence electron of carbon is four, number of valence electron of oxygen is six, number of valence electron of nitrogen is five and the number of valence electron of hydrogen is one.
Resonance: The delocalization of electrons which is characterized as several structural changes.
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- The percent ionic character of a bond between elements A and B may be approximated by the expression %IN = 100[1 - e^(-1/4(XA - XB))], where XA and XB are the electronegavities for the respective elements. What is the the percent ionic character of the interatomic bonds for Fe2O3? What type of bonding would you expect in Fe2O3? Note: Use 1.8 for the electronegativity for Fe and 3.5 for the electronegativity for O.arrow_forwardThere is persuasive evidence for the brief existence of theunstable molecule OPCl.(a) Draw a Lewis diagram for this molecule in which theoctet rule is satisfied on all atoms and the formalcharges on all atoms are zero .(b) The compound OPCl reacts with oxygen to giveO2PCl. Draw a Lewis diagram of O2PCl for which allformal charges are equal to zero. Draw a Lewis diagram in which the octet rule is satisfied on all atoms.arrow_forwardThere is persuasive evidence for the brief existence of the unstable molecule OPCl. (a) Draw a Lewis diagram for this molecule in which the octet rule is satisfied on all atoms and the formal charges on all atoms are zero. (b) The compound OPCl reacts with oxygen to give O2PCl. Draw a Lewis diagram of O2PCl for which all formal charges are equal to zero. Draw a Lewis diagram in which the octet rule is satisfied on all atoms.arrow_forward
- If the first, second and third bond dissociation enthalpies of methane are +420, +475, and +421 KJmol-l, respectively, calculate the fourth. How do you account for the fact that; ammonium nitrate is readily soluble in water even though the standard enthalpy of solution has a positive value? although the enthalpy of combustion of cane sugar is about -6000 KJmol-l cane sugar is not observed to oxidise in air at ordinary temperature?arrow_forwardAH (kJ/mole) -306.4 species PC13 (g) PCls (g) P (g) Cl (g) 1. -398.9 +314.5 +121.4 Calculate the P-Cl bond energy in PCI3 and in PCI..arrow_forwardQ2-a) Compare and contrast metallic and covalent primary bonds and give one example in each bond. b) What type of bonding does KCI have? Fully explain your reasoning by referring to the electronic structure and electronic properties of each element.arrow_forward
- 1) Which of the following elements are capable of forming compounds in which the indicated atom can have more than 4 valence e- pairs? In each case, explain why and why not.arrow_forward19 of 44 > © Macmillan Learning In the given three-dimensional molecular structure, the differently colored spheres represent different types of atoms. Write a molecular formula for this molecule. molecular formula: 4 R % 67 68 5 1 SPECIAL xº (g) ΔΣΩ λμπ X₁ X () 6 [] (s) Y (1) (aq) →>>> MacBook Pro The 11 7 U t CLR 8 K →>> 9 Rotate X You 9 Rotate Y ( 0 ☐C □H D Rotate Z 0 Zoom In P O Zoom Out Attempt A Label Atoms Carrow_forward1. Assign O.N.s to each atom in the following: (Write the O.N.s under each atom with the sign first) OF2 Ca HC1O₂ IBrs PH4+ 12 H₂O2 PC16¹- S₂03²- NaAlH4 Ca3(PO3)2 H₂BO3¹- Fe3O4 XeO₂F2 HP₂O7³- 2. In this reaction, use ON's to identify the following: (Give the full compound or ion formula as your answers, not just "Cr" or "H" or "0") 4 H₂O2 + 2 Cr²+ Cr2O72 + H₂O + 6H* a) what substance is being oxidized? b) what substance is being reduced? c) what substance is the oxidizing agent? d) what substance is the reducing agent? e) how many electrons are transferred according to this equation?arrow_forward
- Use the following set of assumptions to estimate the CN bond length in fulminic acid: 1) only the two best structures contribute to the true structure 2) the best structure contributes 75%, 3) the CN single bond is 1.47 pm, the double is 1.32 pm and the triple is L.16 pm. Enter your answer with 2 significant figures as a number with no units. Structure I Structure II Structure III H-C=N=0 H-C=N-0 ŌI H-C-N=01 VFullsc 10:41 PMarrow_forwardGive clear detailed Solution with explanation needed..don't give Handwritten answerarrow_forward23. Given AH+ [(NF3(g)] = -132 kJ mol-¹ and the bond enthalpy (D) data, D(N₂) = 946 kJ mol-¹ and D(F2) = 159 kJ mol-, which of the following statements is/are FALSE? The average N-F bond enthalpy in NF3 is 281 kJ mol-¹. AH+ [(NF3(g)] > AH+ [(NF3(1)] AH+ [(F(8)] = 159 kJ mol-¹ CEEarrow_forward
- Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning