Chapter 16.7, Problem 26P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Lithium aluminium hydride $\left({\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ and sodium borohydride $\left({\text{NaBH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ are hydride ion donors and act as reducing agents.  Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent and it reduces aldehyde, ketone, esters carboxylic acid and amides.  Sodium borohydride, on the other hand, is weak reducing agent compared to the ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$ thus reduces selectively aldehyde and ketone into primary and secondary alcohols respectively.

Carbon-carbon double and triple bond can be reduced via catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.  The hydrogen atom can be added across the multiple bonds and thus can be reduced.  Aldehyde and ketones cannot be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Lithium aluminium hydride $\left({\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ and sodium borohydride $\left({\text{NaBH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ are hydride ion donors and act as reducing agents.  Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent and it reduces aldehyde, ketone, esters carboxylic acid and amides.  Sodium borohydride, on the other hand, is weak reducing agent compared to the ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$ thus reduces selectively aldehyde and ketone into primary and secondary alcohols respectively.

Carbon-carbon double and triple bond can be reduced via catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.  The hydrogen atom can be added across the multiple bonds and thus can be reduced.  Aldehyde and ketones cannot be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Lithium aluminium hydride $\left({\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ and sodium borohydride $\left({\text{NaBH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ are hydride ion donors and act as reducing agents.  Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent and it reduces aldehyde, ketone, esters carboxylic acid and amides.  Sodium borohydride, on the other hand, is weak reducing agent compared to the ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$ thus reduces selectively aldehyde and ketone into primary and secondary alcohols respectively.

Carbon-carbon double and triple bond can be reduced via catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.  The hydrogen atom can be added across the multiple bonds and thus can be reduced.  Aldehyde and ketones cannot be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Lithium aluminium hydride $\left({\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ and sodium borohydride $\left({\text{NaBH}}_{\text{4}}\right)$ are hydride ion donors and act as reducing agents. Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent and it reduces aldehyde, ketone, esters carboxylic acid and amides.  Sodium borohydride, on the other hand, is weak reducing agent compared to the ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$ thus reduces selectively aldehyde and ketone into primary and secondary alcohols respectively.

Carbon-carbon double and triple bond can be reduced via catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.  The hydrogen atom can be added across the multiple bonds and thus can be reduced.  Aldehyde and ketones cannot be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation in presence of palladium metal.