A major product in the given reaction should be found. Concept Introduction: The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile. Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible. Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

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Identifying the major species in weak acid or weak base equilibria The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself. Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row. You will find it useful to keep in mind that NH3 is a weak base. acids: ☐ 1.8 mol of HCl is added to 1.0 L of a 1.0M NH3 bases: ☐ solution. other: ☐ 0.18 mol of HNO3 is added to 1.0 L of a solution that is 1.4M in both NH3 and NH₁Br. acids: bases: ☐ other: ☐ 0,0,... ? 000 18 Ar B 1

Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: 2NH3 (g) = N2 (g) +3H₂ —N2 (g) AGº = 34. kJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.19 atm of ammonia (NH3) and 9.94 atm of nitrogen (N2) at 378. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: rise Under these conditions, will the pressure of NH 3 tend to rise or fall? ☐ x10 fall Х Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding H₂? In other words, if you said the pressure of NH 3 will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding H₂? Similarly, if you said the pressure of NH3 will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to rise by adding H₂? If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of H₂ needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. yes no atm 00. 18 Ar 무ㅎ ?

Identifying the major species in weak acid or weak base equilibria The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself. Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row. You will find it useful to keep in mind that HF is a weak acid. 2.2 mol of NaOH is added to 1.0 L of a 1.4M HF solution. acids: П bases: Х other: ☐ ப acids: 0.51 mol of KOH is added to 1.0 L of a solution that is bases: 1.3M in both HF and NaF. other: ☐ 00. 18 Ar

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 6

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 7

Chapter 16.16, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A major product in the given reaction should be found.

Concept Introduction:

The resonance gives for α,β- unsaturated carbonyl compound which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions are β- carbon and carbonyl carbon. That is a nucleophile can be add either to β- carbon or carbonyl carbon. Conjugate addition and direct addition are depending upon the nature of the nucleophile.

Nucleophilic addition to the β- carbon (conjugate addition) is irreversible.

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon (direct addition) is irreversible or reversible. When nucleophile is weak base such as alcohol, an amine or thiol, then direct addition is reversible, because of weak base is worthy leaving group.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 16.1 - Give two names for each of the following:Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 16.1 - Name the following:Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 4P Ch. 16.4 - What products are formed when the following...Ch. 16.4 - We saw on the previous page that...Ch. 16.4 - a. How many stereoisomers are obtained from the...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 9P Ch. 16.4 - Write the mechanism for the reaction of acetyl...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 11P

Solution Summary: The author explains how the resonance gives for ,- unsaturated carbonyl compound, which shoes that the compound has two electrophilic positions, is a nucleophile.

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Chapter 16 Solutions