Concept explainers
REFLECT AND APPLY The following half reactions play important roles in
Which of these two is a half reaction of oxidation? Which one is a half reaction of reduction? Write the equation for the overall re- action. Which reagent is the oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)? Which reagent is the reducing agent (electron donor)?
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Biochemistry
- REFLECT AND APPLY There is a reaction in carbohydrate meta- bolism in which glucose-6-phosphate reacts with NADP+ to give 6-phosphoglucono- -lactone and NADPH. In this reaction, which substance is oxidized, and which is reduced? Which substance is the oxidizing agent, and which is the reducing agent?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The malate-aspartate shuttle yields about 2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why does nature use the glycerol-phosphate shuttle, which yields only about 1.5 moles of ATP?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The intermediates of glycolysis are phosphorylated, but those of the citric acid cycle are not. Suggest a reason why.arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Suggest a reason why a different reducing agent (NADPH) is used in anabolic reactions rather than NADH, which plays a role in catabolic ones.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Show how the reactions of the electron transport chain differ from those in Question 3 when FADH2 is the starting point for electron transport. Show how the reactions that liberate enough energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP differ from the pathway when NADH is the starting point.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY How does an increase in the ADP/ATP ratio affect the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Comment on the fact that the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, is strongly exergonic (recall this from Chapter 15), even though the standard free-energy change for the half reaction Pyruvate+2H++2eLactate is positive (G=36.2kJmol1=8.8kcalmol1), indicating an endergonic reaction.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are about to use mitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specify addition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reaction mixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does the source not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Cytochrome oxidase and succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase are isolated from mitochondria and are incubated in the presence of oxygen, along with cytochrome c, coenzyme Q, and succinate. What is the overall oxidationreduction reaction that can be expected to take place?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Why do the electron-transfer reactions of the cytochromes differ in standard reduction potential, even though all the reactions involve the same oxidationreduction reaction of iron?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY What are some of the difficulties in determining the exact number of protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the respiratory complexes?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY How does an increase in the NADH/NAD1 ratio affect the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning