Concept explainers
RECALL Identify the molecules oxidized and reduced in the following reactions and write the half reactions.
(a)
(b)
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Biochemistry
- REFLECT AND APPLY Suggest a reason why a different reducing agent (NADPH) is used in anabolic reactions rather than NADH, which plays a role in catabolic ones.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLLY Is the reaction of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate a redox reaction? Give the reason for your answer.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The following half reactions play important roles in metabolism. 1/2O2+2H++2eH2ONADH+H+NAD++2H++2e Which of these two is a half reaction of oxidation? Which one is a half reaction of reduction? Write the equation for the overall re- action. Which reagent is the oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)? Which reagent is the reducing agent (electron donor)?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY There is a reaction in carbohydrate meta- bolism in which glucose-6-phosphate reacts with NADP+ to give 6-phosphoglucono- -lactone and NADPH. In this reaction, which substance is oxidized, and which is reduced? Which substance is the oxidizing agent, and which is the reducing agent?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Why does the degradation of palmitic acid (see Question 12) to eight molecules of acetyl-CoA require seven, rather than eight, rounds of the -oxidation process?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY What is the relationship between a transition-state analog and the induced-fit model of enzyme kinetics?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Why is it useful to plot rate data for enzymatic reactions as a straight line rather than as a curve?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY What are some of the difficulties in determining the exact number of protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the respiratory complexes?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY A model is proposed to explain the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. Experimentally obtained rate data fit the model to within experimental error. Do these findings prove the model?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Show how the reactions of the electron transport chain differ from those in Question 3 when FADH2 is the starting point for electron transport. Show how the reactions that liberate enough energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP differ from the pathway when NADH is the starting point.arrow_forwardRECALL Which of the following are spontaneous processes? Explain your answer for each process. (a) The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi Pi (b) The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O by an organism (c) The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (d) The production of glucose and O2 from CO2 and H2O in photosynthesisarrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are about to use mitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specify addition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reaction mixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does the source not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning