Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134641621
Author: Dean R. Appling, Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill, Christopher K. Mathews
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 6P
Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following: (a) anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of sucrose, cleaved initially by sucrose phosphorylase; (b) aerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of maltose; (c) fermentation of one glucose residue in starch to ethanol, with the initial cleavage involving a-amylase.
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Consider the following interconversion, which occurs in glycolysis :(a) What is ΔG′° for the reaction ( K'eq measured at 25 °C)?(b) If the concentration of fructose 6-phosphate is adjusted to 1.5 M and that of glucose 6-phosphate is adjusted to 0.50 M, what is ΔG?(c) Why are ΔG′° and ΔG different?
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct
reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these
two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions,
[ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM.
Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase:
ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate
AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol
(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K,
and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/
Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is
still thermodynamically favorable.
(b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed
by glucose-6-phosphatase:
glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P
AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol
1.(a) (
) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis
and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose
atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and
of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py-
ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found?
HO
HO
(b) (*
CH₂OH
Glucose
HO
+ 2 NAD+
O + 2 NADH
+ 2 Pi
2
F0
+ 2 ATP
OH + 2 ADP
3 + 2 H₂O
Pyruvate
The formation of oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle is unfavorable with a AG'° = +29.7
kJ/mol. Write the reactions using structural formulas for the formation of oxaloacetate and for the
subsequent reaction in the TCA cycle. What particular part of the subsequent reaction makes it very
favorable and ensures that oxaloacetate is continually removed to make the next TCA intermediate?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
Ch. 12 - Prob. 1PCh. 12 - Methanol is highly toxic, not because of its own...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3PCh. 12 - Prob. 4PCh. 12 - Prob. 5PCh. 12 - Write balanced chemical equations for each of the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 7PCh. 12 - Prob. 8PCh. 12 - Prob. 9PCh. 12 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 12 - Some anaerobic bacteria use alternative pathways...Ch. 12 - Write a pathway leading from glucose to lactose in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 13PCh. 12 - Prob. 14PCh. 12 - Prob. 15PCh. 12 - How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 17PCh. 12 - Avidin is a protein that binds extremely tightly...Ch. 12 - 14CO2 was bubbled through a suspension of liver...Ch. 12 - Prob. 20PCh. 12 - Prob. 21PCh. 12 - Prob. 22PCh. 12 - Prob. 23PCh. 12 - 24. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown are regulated...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25PCh. 12 - Prob. 26PCh. 12 - Prob. 27PCh. 12 - Prob. 28PCh. 12 - 29 [1-14C] Ribose-5-phosphate is incubated with a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30PCh. 12 - Prob. 31PCh. 12 - Prob. 32PCh. 12 - Prob. 33P
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- 1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO CH OH + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH + 2 Pj 2 + 2 ATP HO OH + 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H₂O Glucose Pyruvatearrow_forwardIn different organisms sucrose can be cleaved either by hydrolysis or by phosphorolysis. Calculate the ATP yield per mole of sucrose metabolized by anaerobic glycolysis starting with (a) hydrolytic cleavage and (b) phosphoro- lytic dleavage.arrow_forwardIndicate the energy yield or cost, in ATP equivalents, for the following processes: (a) glycogen (3 residues) → 6 pyruvate. (b) 3 glucose → 6 pyruvate(c) 6 pyruvate → 3 glucose.arrow_forward
- In different organisms sucrose can be cleaved either by hydrolysis or by phosphorolysis. Calculate the ATP yield per mole of sucrose metabolized by anaerobic glycolysis starting with (a) hydrolytic cleavage and (b) phosphorolytic cleavage.arrow_forward..a) Draw all of the reactions that occur in the aerobic metabolism of glucose that hydrolyze a thiolester bond. In your answer, include complete structural formulae as well as the names of any cofactors, enzymes, reactants and products. b) Explain why the free energy changes that characterize these reactions are so exergonic. Include a figure in your answer. ( c) If you were to completely catabolize 3 molecules of glucose under aerobic conditions, what would the ATP yield be as a result of the reactions that you've drawn above?arrow_forward1) under intracellular conditions, answer : If G3P-DH is inhibited by Iodoacetic acid, which glycolytic intermediate will accumulate most rapidly and why ? 2) How will increased oxaloacetate level in mitochondria affect fatty acid biosynthesis ?arrow_forward
- With the aid of diagrams and equations, explain the biochemical processes involved in each of the following, in named cells. Start by mentioning the purpose and site of securrence of each. Go in details please. (a) Glucose-alanine cycle. (b) Oxidative phosphorylation.arrow_forwardThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…arrow_forwardDetermine whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion is a supplier of NADPH (H +) for reductive syntheses. b) An overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes mellitus. c) Fructose-6-phosphate is an allosteric regulator of glycolysis.arrow_forward
- Draw the products of the reaction of xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. H H H OH FO HO-H H-OH H OPO3²- Q transketolase Draw glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate H H- H H H O OH OH OPO3²- Draw fructose-6- phosphate Q I Iarrow_forwardIsomaltose (an isomer of maltose), one of the degradation products of starch is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to its intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. Calculate the no. of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of isomaltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. Answer the ff.: a) Total no. of glucose molecules entering glycolysis b) Total no. of pyruvate mols. produced at the end of glycolysis c) Total no. of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex d) Total no. of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction e) Total no. of acetyl CoA mols. entering the Citric Acid Cycle f) Total no. of net cytosolic ATP mols. produced right after glycolysis g) Total no. of all NADH mols. produced after complete oxidation h) Total no. of all FADH2 mols. produced after complete oxidation i) Total no. of all mitochondrial…arrow_forwardPhosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. a) To what enzyme class does PGM belong? b) There are two distinct classes of PGM, one which is dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), dPGM, and one which is not, iPGM. dPGM uses acid base chemistry and a phosphorylated histidine residue to interconvert 3PG and 2PG. The dPGM reaction proceeds with formation of 2,3-BPG as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the dPGM-catalyzed conversion of 3PG to 2PG that is consistent with this information. c) What is the purpose of 2,3-BPG (i.e., why does dPGM require it)?arrow_forward
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