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- VISUALIZE Describe the action taking place at each of the numbered steps in the figure.___________detect energy associated with changes in pressure, body position, or acceleration. a. Chemoreceptors b. Mechanoreceptors c. Photoreceptors d. ThermoreceptorsWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/l_3-D1) to learn more about how the brain perceives 3-D motion. Similar to how retinal disparity offers 3-D moviegoers a way to extract 3-D information from the two-dimensional visual field projected onto the retina, the brain can extract information about movement in space by comparing what the two eyes see. If movement of a visual stimulus is leftward in one eye and rightward in the opposite eye, the brain interprets this as movement toward (or away) from the face along the midline. If both eyes see an object moving in the same direction, but at different rates, what would that mean for spatial movement?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/2point) to see a quick demonstration of two-point discrimination. Touching a specialized caliper to the surface of the skin will measure the distance between two points that are perceived as distinct stimuli versus a single stimulus. The patient keeps their eyes closed while the examiner switches between using both points of the caliper or just one. The patient then must indicate whether one or two stimuli are in contact with the skin. Why is the distance between the caliper points closer on the fingertips as opposed to the palm of the hand? And what do you think the distance would be on the arm, or the shoulder?How Sensory Systems Work LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1 Describe how sensory systems function; include descriptions of sensory receptors, energy transduction, receptor potential, sensory adaptation, and perception.Detecting substances present in the body fluids that bathe them is the function of ___________. a. thermoreceptors b. photoreceptors c. mechanoreceptors d. chemoreceptors
- Discuss Concepts In owls and many other birds of prey, the fovea is located toward the top of the retina rather than at the center as in humans. This arrangement correlates with the birds hunting behavior, in which they look down when they fly, scanning the ground for a meal. With this arrangement in mind, why do you think a standing owl would turn its head upside down?The eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods are similar in structure and function. A difference between the vertebrate eye and the cephalopod eye is that the vertebrate eye has: a. an iris surrounding the pupil, whereas in cephalopods the pupil surrounds the iris. b. a lens that changes shape when focusing, whereas in cephalopods the lens moves back and forth to focus. c. a retina that moves in the socket when recording the image, whereas in cephalopods the retina changes shape when stimulated. d. a pupil that shrinks in size in bright light, whereas cephalopods have a pupil that enlarges in bright light. e. retinal synthesized from vitamin A, whereas cephalopods lack retinal.A satellite is launched into space, but explodes after exiting the Earth’s atmosphere. Which statement accurately reflects the observations made by an astronaut on a space walk outside the International Space Station during the explosion? The astronaut would see the explosion, but would not hear a boom The astronaut will not sense the explosion The astronaut will see the explosion, and then hear the boom The astronaut will feel the concussive force of the explosion, but will not see it.
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/pupillary) to learn about the pupillary reflexes. The pupillary light reflex involves sensory input through the optic nerve and motor response through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion, which projects to the circular fibers of the iris. As shown in this short animation, pupils will constrict to limit the amount of light falling on the retina under bright lighting conditions. What constitutes the afferent and efferent branches of the competing reflex (dilation)?Describe three vertebrate adaptations to terrestrial life.Which of the following situations is associated with movement and position in the human body? a. Statoliths in statocysts bend sensory hairs and trigger actionpotentials. b. If sensory hairs in the utricle are oriented horizontally andthose in the saccule are oriented vertically, the person is lyingdown. c. When the head rotates, the endolymph in the semicircularcanal pulls the cupula with it to activate sensory hair cells. d. Displacement of the utricle and saccule generates actionpotentials. e. If the body is spinning at a constant rate and direction, thecupula is displaced and action potentials are initiated.
