Practice ques tion 1A Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer. Which of the below mutations (#1-5) could potentially cause cancer in an individual? Be sure to explain why. Info: In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival. Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu) and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone Signalling via the cell surface receptor Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor (csRu). · The activated csBH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. · Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B promotes cell survival. o inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression. o activates Eos, a transcription factor which promotes cell cycle progression by triggering Cyclin A extracellular fluid inactive GTP inactive RAS Lyn cell-surtace receptor for H (csR.) GDP) RAS-GTP hexose metabolism cell survival ICR. Giphase (resting) Raf G, HK GSK-3B MEK G2 icR. hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE a COKI Cyclin A nucleus Fos cyclin A O promoter M Created in BioRender.com bio expression. Signalling via the intracellular receptor Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu). The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters on the DNA. icRu- HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival. Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling pathways. Mutant #1: The içRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation. Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated. Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active. Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation. Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible. -0-0-0

Practice ques tion 1A Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer. Which of the below mutations (#1-5) could potentially cause cancer in an individual? Be sure to explain why. Info: In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival. Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu) and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone Signalling via the cell surface receptor Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor (csRu). · The activated csBH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. · Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B promotes cell survival. o inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression. o activates Eos, a transcription factor which promotes cell cycle progression by triggering Cyclin A extracellular fluid inactive GTP inactive RAS Lyn cell-surtace receptor for H (csR.) GDP) RAS-GTP hexose metabolism cell survival ICR. Giphase (resting) Raf G, HK GSK-3B MEK G2 icR. hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE a COKI Cyclin A nucleus Fos cyclin A O promoter M Created in BioRender.com bio expression. Signalling via the intracellular receptor Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu). The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters on the DNA. icRu- HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival. Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling pathways. Mutant #1: The içRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation. Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated. Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active. Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation. Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible. -0-0-0

Practice ques tion 1A Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer. Which of the below mutations (#1-5) could potentially cause cancer in an individual? Be sure to explain why. Info: In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival. Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu) and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone Signalling via the cell surface receptor Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor (csRu). · The activated csBH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. · Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B promotes cell survival. o inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression. o activates Eos, a transcription factor which promotes cell cycle progression by triggering Cyclin A extracellular fluid inactive GTP inactive RAS Lyn cell-surtace receptor for H (csR.) GDP) RAS-GTP hexose metabolism cell survival ICR. Giphase (resting) Raf G, HK GSK-3B MEK G2 icR. hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE a COKI Cyclin A nucleus Fos cyclin A O promoter M Created in BioRender.com bio expression. Signalling via the intracellular receptor Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu). The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters on the DNA. icRu- HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival. Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling pathways. Mutant #1: The içRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation. Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated. Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active. Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation. Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible. -0-0-0

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Question

Practice ques tion 1A
Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased
incidence of several types of cancer. Which of the below mutations (#1-5) could potentially cause
cancer in an individual? Be sure to explain why.
Info:
In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of
hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival.
Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu)
and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone
H are depicted and described below.
hormone
Signalling via the cell surface
receptor
Hormone H mediates its cell cycle
stimulatory and pro-survival effects by
binding to and activating the cell
surface hormone H receptor (csRu).
· The activated csBH activates Lyn,
which activates RAS and ultimately
the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade.
· Active ERK:
o phosphorylates and inactivates
GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B
promotes cell survival.
o inhibits p27, preventing it from
inhibiting cell cycle progression.
o activates Eos, a transcription factor
which promotes cell cycle
progression by triggering Cyclin A
extracellular fluid
inactive
GTP
inactive
RAS
Lyn
cell-surtace
receptor for H (csR.)
GDP)
RAS-GTP
hexose
metabolism
cell survival
ICR.
Giphase
(resting)
Raf
G,
HK
GSK-3B
MEK
G2
icR.
hexose kinase
ERK
promoter HRE a
COKI
Cyclin A
nucleus
Fos
cyclin A
O promoter M
Created in BioRender.com bio
expression.
Signalling via the intracellular receptor
Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu).
The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding
to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters
on the DNA.
icRu- HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is
required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival.
Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling
pathways.
Mutant #1: The içRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation.
Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated.
Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active.
Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation.
Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible.
-0-0-0

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