32. During a study of insulin response, a healthy nonobese 24-year-old woman consumes four pancakes with maple syrup and drinks two glasses of apple juice. The insulin released in responseto this meal binds to its receptor and activates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Under these conditions, activation of which of the following in the liver is most likely to occur in this subject?A) Glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4)B) Glycogen phosphorylaseC) Glycogen phosphorylase kinaseD) Glycogen synthaseE) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

When subjected to a prolonged period of starvation, the level of glucose in the blood falls. This…

Answered: 32. During a study of insulin response,…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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A. What is the difference between preproinsulin and proinsulin? B. What is cleaved out of proinsulin to allow the mature insulin molecule to be formed? C. What is the C peptide and why is it medically significant? D. What is the purpose of the signal sequence and why isn’t it present in the mature insulin molecule?
1. Please explain the picture using the following terms: Receptor, (G protein or ligand-gated ion channel) Protein kinases and phosphorylation Secondary messengers Response (DNA to protein = expression of a protein/trait/action by a cell)
A fixed amount of radiolabelled insulin was incubated with a fixed amount of anti-insulin antibody, the bound ligand was separated from free ligand at different time intervals. Draw a diagram of the concentration of the insulin/antibody complex with time. (Insulin/antibody complex is the bound ligand) asap typed only .
Determine if the following statement is true or false. Explain your answer. “Two molecules of insulin must bind to the insulin receptor in order for activation to occur.”
John was repeating George Palade's pulse and chase experiment to trace insulin secretion pathway within cells. When he observed his samples under the electron microscope, he saw the ³H]-leucine labelling all over the cells, which indicates that he made some mistakes in carrying out the experiment. Which of the following is a correct suggestion to improve his result? O Use liver sample after the pulse-chase injection O Inject [13C]-leucine instead of [³H]-leucine Inject non-labeled leucine earlier than what he did O Use phase contrast light microscope instead of electron microscope O Observe the sample two days after pulse-chase injection
Please explain the steps in this pathway on the picture.
Describe one insulin-mediated mechanism that normally increases glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue when blood glucose levels are high (but would not be operational in T1DM patients)
Describe the process that results in the activation of multiple copies of PKBPKB in response to the binding of a single molecule of insulin to its receptor. Explain why insulin can stimulate the activation PKBPKBof but not the activation of PKPK.
In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?
Identify the partial sequence of events that occurs after the insulin binds to its receptor. 1. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) 2. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity 3. Activation of phosphodiesterase 4. Activation of phospholipase C 5. Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 6. Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 -kinase (P1-3 kinase) 7. Binding of Grb 2 8. Activation of a phosphatase 9. Dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase 10. phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase 2-7-1-4-3-9 1-7-3-5-6-8 2-1-6-5-8-9 2-7-1-6-5-8-9 2-7-4-6-1-8-10
Overexpression of this receptor in the cells of the adrenal gland causes Cushing's syndrome, a disease caused by the overproduction of cortisol. One strategy that scientists have employed to treat this disease is the use of small molecules that bind to, but do not activate, MC2R. This type of molecule is generically referred to as an antagonist. How can an antagonist bind to the same receptor as ACTH but not activate it? O a. The antagonist can bind covalently while ACTH binds non-covalently O b. The antagonist is only partially complimentary to the binding pocket of MC2R O The antagonist binds to ACTH and blocks it from binding to the receptor properly O d. The antagonist is the exact same structure as ACTH but since it is synthetic it doesn't work One cause of Cushing's syndrome is the inappropriate production of GPCRS in the adrenal gland that are not normally present in those cells. When these receptors are activated they result in the production of cortisol. Which statement about…
Although insulin initially acts through a tyrosine kinase receptor it also subsequently results in activation of a Ser/Thr protein kinase. Which one? A) Protein kinase A B) Protein kinase B C) Protein kinase C D) Ras E) Phosphoinositide-3-kinase

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