For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected fromthe dropdown list. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used onlyonce.Cells can signal to each other in various ways. A signal that must be relayed to the entire body issent by endocrine cells, which produce hormones that are carried throughout the body through thebloodstream. On the other hand, [Select]methods of cell signaling usemolecules displayed at the surface of adjacent cells for very localized signaling events. During[Select]signaling, the signal remains in the neighborhood of the secretingcell and thus acts as a local mediator on nearby cells. Cytosolic Ca²+ can be sensed by[Select], a small, conserved, dumbbell-shaped protein with four Ca²+-binding sites. Upon Ca²+ binding, it binds and changes the activities of many proteins by changingits conformation in different ways. Normally, when blood glucose level increases (e.g. after a meal), the islet cells in the pancreassecrete insulin. When insulin molecules bind to insulin receptors on the surface of a muscle cell,the receptors become activated, initiating a signaling pathway which eventually results in theincrease in the number of passive glucose transporter on the muscle cell surface thus increasesthe uptake of glucose into the cell and decrease blood glucose level. Indicate whether thefollowing conditions/practice will likely lead to diabetes (mark Yes or No).[Select]degeneration of islet cells[Select][Select][Select]a mutation in the insulin receptor that increases its kinase activity✓ exercisea mutation in the insulin receptor that prevents dimerization

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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from
the dropdown list. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only
once.
Cells can signal to each other in various ways. A signal that must be relayed to the entire body is
sent by endocrine cells, which produce hormones that are carried throughout the body through the
bloodstream. On the other hand, [Select]
methods of cell signaling use
molecules displayed at the surface of adjacent cells for very localized signaling events. During
[Select]
signaling, the signal remains in the neighborhood of the secreting
cell and thus acts as a local mediator on nearby cells. Cytosolic Ca²+ can be sensed by
[Select]
, a small, conserved, dumbbell-shaped protein with four Ca²+-
binding sites. Upon Ca²+ binding, it binds and changes the activities of many proteins by changing
its conformation in different ways.

Normally, when blood glucose level increases (e.g. after a meal), the islet cells in the pancreas
secrete insulin. When insulin molecules bind to insulin receptors on the surface of a muscle cell,
the receptors become activated, initiating a signaling pathway which eventually results in the
increase in the number of passive glucose transporter on the muscle cell surface thus increases
the uptake of glucose into the cell and decrease blood glucose level. Indicate whether the
following conditions/practice will likely lead to diabetes (mark Yes or No).
[Select]
degeneration of islet cells
[Select]
[Select]
[Select]
a mutation in the insulin receptor that increases its kinase activity
✓ exercise
a mutation in the insulin receptor that prevents dimerization

Expert Solution

Step 1

Cell signalling, or cell communication in biology, is the capacity of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its surroundings as well as with itself. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, cell signalling is an essential aspect of all cellular life. Extracellular signals, often known as signals that come from beyond a cell, can be physical signals such as mechanical pressure, voltage, temperature, light, or chemical signals (e.g., small molecules, peptides, or gas). Cell signalling can be characterised as autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, or endocrine depending on whether it occurs over short or long distances. As a result of cell injury or other biosynthetic routes, signalling molecules can also be produced and delivered passively or actively.

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