IIH62aminoligand OO As a cell makes the transition from normal to malignant growth, there is increased dependency on glycolysis in order for the cell tosurvive the hypoxic tumor environment. Researchers study mutations detected in a number of different glycolytic enzymes expressedin tumor cells as a way of understanding how these amino acid changes might have affected the structure and function of the enzymeand ultimately affected tumor growth. The presence of these enzyme variants within tumor cells can also provide alternate targets forthe development of chemotherapeutic strategies. Phosphoglycerate kinase is of particular interest due to the reversibility of thisreaction under cellular conditions. Several phosphoglycerate kinase variants have been identified in carcinoma cells, one of which wasan R38M substitution. Select the "R38" slide to view this amino acid residue labeled and colored purple.What change would you expect this mutation to have on the kinetics of the enzyme?Choose one:A. The Km will increase and the kcat Will decrease.B. The Km will increase and the kcat will increase.C. The Km will decrease and the kcat will decrease.O D. The Km will decrease and the kcat will increase.

Km value is numerically equal to substrate concentration at which half of the enzyme molecules are…

Answered: As a cell makes the transition from…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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You plan to synthesize a peptide to be used as a vaccine to treat melanoma, a particularly aggressive form of skin cancer. Normally, gp100, a protein on the surface of melanocytes, activates cell growth when it is bound by its ligand. Activation of the growth pathway depends on the presence of threonine in the ligand. The effective peptide vaccine will mimic the natural ligand, but won’t cause cell growth and division. Below is the sequence of the natural ligand: LDMKTAG In order to ensure your newly designed peptide vaccine does not cause cell growth upon binding, you must substitute the Threonine residue at position 5. What amino acid would you replace it with, bearing in mind that the peptide should still be similar enough to bind to the gp100 protein in the surface of melanocytes. Explain your choice. Your vaccine will be administered as a topical cream, and you require your peptide to have an overall neutral charge in order to be functional. At what pH should you formulate…
Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that alter the transcription of many genes. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat individuals with allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, or organ transplants. These compounds have a wide range of effects on leukocytes and on inflammatory cytokine production. One common use for corticosteroids is as an inhaled treatment for individuals with asthma. Interestingly, inhaled corticosteroids provide significant benefit to asthma patients with high numbers of eosinophils in their airways, but not to those patients with high numbers of neutrophils, but normal numbers of eosinophils. One reason for this finding may be that: Corticosteroids don’t inhibit IL-13 production in the airways Corticosteroids don’t inhibit release of IL-33 by airway epithelial cells Corticosteroids induce apoptosis of Treg cells Corticosteroids induce apoptosis of eosinophils Corticosteroids don’t work well as combination therapy with…
Mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene results in achondroplasia (dwarfism), which is a dominant condition caused by a single base substitution (GGG>AGG) that changes the amino acid glycine at position 480 to arginine (G480R) in the FGFR protein. FGFR is normally active when FGF binds to it, but the mutant FGFR is always on to stimulate signaling that inhibits excessive bone growth. How can gene therapy be used to treat achondroplasia? Select all that apply. RNAi that knocks down the mutant FGFR expression Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector that carries the wild-type FGFR Retroviral vector that carries the wild-type FGFR CRISPR with the wild-type FGFR donor DNA
The mechanisms that “trigger” micrometastases to develop into macrometastases (which can be clinically detected) are still poorly understood. However, elucidating these pathways could offer valuable insights into the long term treatment of cancer patients. Interestingly, the efficiency of this process is believed to be very low (indeed, many patients exhibit micrometastases that never develop into full blown clinical metastases). Which mechanism has a stronger influence on the outcome of colonization? What is the main driver leading to the development of macrometastases from micrometastases?
The lac operon consisting of lacl, lacZ and lacY genes in addition to all the transcripton factors is used to modulate the level of lactose in the cell. Please describe the cycle of fluctuations in lactose levels and why they occur by referencing the specific components. If glucose is a byproduct of this process, how are the glucose levels in relation to the lactose level fluctuations and the reason for those fluctuations?
If we knock out a gene, it can tell us something about how important that gene is or if other genes can compensate for its absence in a complex. To further establish the role of PSEN1 and PSEN2 in early onset Alzheimer's disease they are individually knocked out in mouse models. Knockout of PSEN1 leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype and dramatically reduced Aß levels. However knockout of PSEN2 gives no obvious phenotype and essentially normal AB levels. Question 16) Which of the following hypotheses does this observation support? [10 Marks] Under normal circumstances y-secretase complexes contain equal ratios of PSEN1 and PSEN2 b. The knockout of PSEN1 and PSEN2 didn't work O c. a. Under normal circumstances y-secretase complexes primarily contain PSEN2 rather than PSEN1 d. Under normal circumstances y-secretase complexes primarily contain PSEN1 rather than PSEN2 e. Under normal circumstances y-secretase complexes do not contain either PSEN1 or PSEN2

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