Many neurodegenrative diseases are thought to be caused by increased levels of unfolded proteins. Which of the following conditions would you expect to increase unfolded protein levels (select all that apply)? A. Reduced expression of chaperone proteins B. A mutation that inactivates the proteasome C. Increased levels of ubiquitin D. Inactivating mutation in ubiquitin ligase, an enzyme necessary for attaching ubiquitin to proteins in cytosol E. Mutation of N-terminal amino acid from Methionine to Arginine
Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane
Despite differences in structure and function, all living cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a cell membrane. Just like the outer layer of the skin separates the body from its environment similarly, the cell membrane, also known as 'plasma membrane,' separates the inner content from its exterior environment.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is known by different names like plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, or biological membrane. The term "cell membrane" was first introduced by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in the year 1855. Later on, in 1931, the term "plasmalemma" for cell membrane was given by J. Plowe. The cell membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the extracellular space. This separation allows the protection of cells from their environment.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
The cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. The cell membrane bounds it. It is capable of independent existence.
Many neurodegenrative diseases are thought to be caused by increased levels of unfolded proteins. Which of the following conditions would you expect to increase unfolded protein levels (select all that apply)?
| A. |
Reduced expression of chaperone proteins |
|
| B. |
A mutation that inactivates the proteasome |
|
| C. |
Increased levels of ubiquitin |
|
| D. |
Inactivating mutation in ubiquitin ligase, an enzyme necessary for attaching ubiquitin to proteins in cytosol |
|
| E. |
Mutation of N-terminal amino acid from Methionine to Arginine |
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