Hac1 is another chaperone protein that is up-regulated in response to unfolded proteins in the ER. You detect amounts of Hac1 mRNA and protein in the absence and presence of unfolded protein in the ER of a eukaryotic cell as shown in the figure below. b. Describe two specific biological processes that the cell could regulate in order to increase the amount of Hac1 protein. Briefly explain your answer using the information from figure C & D. Hac1 MRNA expression Hac1 protein expression Unfolded proteins in ER No unfolded No unfolded proteins In ER Unfolded protelns in ER proteins in ER
Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane
Despite differences in structure and function, all living cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a cell membrane. Just like the outer layer of the skin separates the body from its environment similarly, the cell membrane, also known as 'plasma membrane,' separates the inner content from its exterior environment.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is known by different names like plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, or biological membrane. The term "cell membrane" was first introduced by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in the year 1855. Later on, in 1931, the term "plasmalemma" for cell membrane was given by J. Plowe. The cell membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the extracellular space. This separation allows the protection of cells from their environment.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
The cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. The cell membrane bounds it. It is capable of independent existence.
Introduction
Proteins are essential biomolecules that play a wide range of roles in controlling various activities. The protein synthesis is mainly carried out by the ribosomes attached over the surface of the Endoplasmic reticulum.
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